How Libertarianism Is The Best Of The Three Views

The aim of this essay is to prove that Libertarianism is the best of the three views, which refers to the idea of human free will being true, that one is not determined, and therefore, they are morally responsible. This essay will be strengthened with the views and arguments on C.A. Campbell. Campbell demonstrates that one could have done otherwise and one is the sole author of the choices they make. I will present a few arguments in the essay in support of Libertarianism and attempt to rebut the views of others in this process. . As a result, this essay will prove that you are held morally responsible for any act that you perform. The Libertarian view consists of one’s actions not being determined, which means that a person would have†¦show more content†¦A prime example of these inner acts can be seen in a decision for a teen to decide to smoke a cigarette. Two teens are given the same opportunity in smoking their first cigarette. The first teen comes from a bad upb ringing with questionable role models in their life, the second teen comes from a good home and from parents who have instilled strong moral values. After reviewing both teens environments one would most likely come to the conclusion that the first teen with the poor upbringing would smoke and the teen with the good home life would resist the urge to smoke. This conclusion may well be correct but from the aspect of a Libertarian the end result of whether these two teens choose to smoke has no correlation on whether they have free will. According to Campbell, When we decide to exert moral effort to resist a temptation, we feel quite certain that we could withhold the effort; just as, if we decide to withhold the effort and yield to our desires, we feel quite certain that we could exert it- otherwise we should not blame ourselves afterwards for having succumbed (Campbell). When we apply Campbell s views to the teens issue of smoking we can see why the final choice these teens make o n whether to smoke doesn t matter. It is indeed the inner struggle to resist smoking that matters. If both teens struggle with the decision to smoke that means that both have the opportunity

The Battle Of The Marine Raiders - 2158 Words

Introduction to the Marine Raiders In 1942, World War II had been raging for three years. The United States of America have declared war upon the Axis powers following the devastating Japanese attack upon Pearl Harbor. At this point in the war the Allies are in a grave situation. German forces have pushed the British off mainland Europe, and the Japanese have conquered much of the Pacific region, coming increasingly nearer to the American mainland. In order to combat this rising threat, the American military headship began to search for viable alternatives to replace widely used established tactics. The motive for this search for irregular methods the fact that the Allied forces were not strong enough to meet the Axis powers on a conventional battlefield. In December of 1941 Colonel William J. Donovan, a World War I Army hero and presidential confidant, made a formal proposal to President Roosevelt to create a U.S. military unit that â€Å"would infiltrate occupied territory and assist resistance groups.†( Major John T. Hoffman USMCR, 3) In January of 1942, the president’s son, Captain James Roosevelt USMC wrote a letter to Major General Thomas Holcomb, 17th Commandant of the Marine Corps, suggesting the formation of â€Å"a unit for purposes similar to those of the British Commandos and the Chinese Guerillas.†(Hoffman, 3) Encouraged by the success of the British commando units, such as the SAS, LRDG, Royal Marine Commandos, and the enthusiastic endorsement of such units by theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Raiders1301 Words   |  6 Pagesway, the Raiders realized they would have less than thirty days to plan, train and execute this mission. Furthermore, Carlson was told by Admiral Nimitz, â€Å"We are short of men, short of ship, and short of planes, † as he was notified that he would only be allotted two submarines, the Nautilus and the Argonaut and they would not be ready until two days prior to departure from Pearl Harbor Hawaii. Moreover, the submarines could only accommodate part of the Raider unit requiring 55 raiders to remainRead More Edsons and Carlsons Raiders Essay2578 Words   |  11 PagesOUTLINE I. Introduction. The Marine Corps today has developed itself into an elite fighting force based on strong naval traditions. The basic Marine is amphibious, which means that the warrior is capable of fighting on land and sea. The idea of an amphibious landing was developed through the training of the Marine Raider Battalions, which was tested and perfected in combat. Although there were two Raider Commanders with very different views on how to prepare their marines, Evans Carlson and MerrittRead MoreA Report On Ficer Corps1012 Words   |  5 PagesGySgt Daniel Daly once said, â€Å"Any officer can get by on his sergeants. To be a sergeant you have to know your stuff. I’d rather be an outstanding sergeant that just another officer.† Imagining and Marine Corps without any NCOs is to imagine a Marine Corps that doesn’t exist. There would be no boot camp because there would be no drill instructors. There would be no outstanding specialists to transform into warrant officers; aircraft , weapons and trucks would rust and break down never to be repairedRead More the navaho code talkers Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesGroups of young Navajo men were enlisted under a TOP SECRET project to train them as Marine Corps radiomen. 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They will be responsible for the trainingRead MoreControversial Dedication : A Study Of John Brown s Politics1483 Words   |  6 Pagesnever be purged away; but with blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done.† – John Brown (1859) Few abolitionists have shown the die-hard dedication that John Brown presented during the battle to end slavery. Most abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglas, focused on giving speeches to persuade people to see the light and bring slavery to an end. However John Brown appears to be the anomaly in the abolitionist’s movement, he believed inRead MoreExamples of Japanese Military Strategy Essay examples934 Words   |  4 Pagescoast of New Guinea and by March 1944, the allies had reached what would be the decisive battle for control of New Guinea. On April 22, Mac Arthur surprised the Japanese by attacking hollandia and taking the village of Aitape. Nearly all-Japanese air power was destroyed and their eighteenth army was forced to retreat into the jungle. Battle for the Island of Biak ( May 27 1944 – July 29 1944 ) This battle was a turning point in Japanese military Strategy. The Japanese practice is to meet the invadersRead MoreSaving Private Ryan Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThompson was most popular among specialized troops such as Rangers, Marine Raiders, armored, and parachute units.† (Charles H. Smith, page 2). However, other military branches disdained Thompsons because they were inaccurate. The Standard issue M-1 Garand was the most popular rifle carried during WWII. The M1 Garand was durable, accurate, and had a high firing capacity. General Paton exalted the M1 Garand as being, â€Å"The greatest battle implement ever devised.† (General Patton regarding the M1 Garand)Read MoreAn Efficient Way Transmit Codes1883 Words   |  8 Pages The USA had always used the white’s soldiers for the code talkers because there were easy to train, and a abundance of them to choose making them the practice choose for code talkers. Until Philip Johnston, he was an initiat or that worked for a Marine Corps program. As a kid and into his teens he grew up on a Navajo reservation and his dad was a missionary. Whit all the time that Johnston spent of the reservation he became familiar with the people and their language. With the use of the NavajosRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The Tripoli Pirates1086 Words   |  5 Pagessail for the Mediterranean under the charge of Richard Dale. Once in the Mediterranean they had little to appear for their exertion, spare a triumph in a one-on-one fight wherein Lieutenant Sterrett in Enterprise perfectly took care of a Tripolitan raider. At the point when news of that triumph achieved the Unified States, President Jefferson utilized the accomplishment to influence Congress into affirming the utilization of compel against the rascals of the Maghreb. Two years go before there was any

Risk Management and The Process

Question: Analyse the standard known for AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk. Answer: 1. Standard known for AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk. The conduct of the business is surrounded by risk, which can be internal and external. In this case, it is necessary to understand the impact of the risk on the performance of different activities within the company. This will help in analysing the challenges and undertaking the right steps through which the impact can be reduced. The risk has to be balanced with the expected returns by the company. This will help in overpowering the issue and developing better methods through which the issues can be easily handled by the management of the company. the rules and standards drafted by the AS/NZS 4360:2004 is applicable for the companies, joint ventures, partnership firms, and to the non-government companies. The standards have been upgraded with an intention of controlling the unexpected events, which also includes analysing the uncontrollable events. Companies strive to find the opportunities, through which the growth can be planned and implemented. For this, the adopted standards nee ds to be analysed and the steps for improving the performance has to be planned and implemented in the right manner. With the help of such a process, it is possible to develop and implement steps that will enable the management to maintain positive and long lasting relationship with the stakeholders and clients. For successful business operational activities, it is essential to analyse the risk and for this the standards has to be followed. In this method, the challenges that are faced by the company have to be analysed. This will help in adopting and implement the right type of strategies that will be useful for improving the standards for production. Also, the techniques that can be followed for increasing the production and performance for the company can be determined by the management (Allen, 2003). 2. Working knowledge of the legislation It is quite important to have perfect knowledge of the legislation that is formed by the authorities. In this method, it is essential to analyse the challenges that can affect the performance of the company. The rules drafted by the authorities for labour law is the same, and it is meant to provide equal and fair rights to the members working with different companies. The prime intention is to secure the lives of the staffs and ensure that the right work culture is created for employees of the organization. This will avert any sort of accidents that can impact the working ability of the members. Thus, the members of the company are expected to have the perfect knowledge of the rules and other legislation that has been drafted for minimising the risks that are involved at the workplace. In this process, the challenges are analysed and corrective measures are taken to ensure that there exists no deviations that can affect the performance and productivity for the company. There are diff erent types of law that has been drafted to ensure that the right process is followed for introducing effective production activities. Some of the rules or laws are - 1. Contract law The rules expected to be followed by the companies are mentioned in this process. Such a step has been done for improving the transparency level that is required to be followed (Atkins, Bates, and Drennan, 2006). 2. Environmental law This is basically meant to adopt and implement the corrective steps through which the environment can be protected from the harmful methods followed for production. 3. Duty of care In this process, the rule mentions the security measures that need to be followed to ensure that the staffs welfare is handled in the right manner. This also includes introducing better methods through which the right steps would be followed for securing the work condition and the lives of the individuals working with the company. The drafted rules have to be communicated with the members in an accurate manner. This will help in improving the performance, and securing the work pattern. 4. Code of practices - The rules drafted under this method, states the practices that have to be followed for the purpose of following the right strategies for increasing the production. For this, the codes followed by the company have to be analysed and the corrective methods has to be introduced for improving the production activities. The management of the company has to ensure that the compliance issues are well handled by the experts. This has to be done so as to ensure that the rules are followed by the management in the right manner. 1. Risk management and the process The term risk management is referred to the method that is followed to ensure that there is no damage caused to the work culture that is followed by the company. With the help of the risk management process it is possible to minimise the possibilities of incurrence of any untoward incidences. This can directly affect the performance and the strategies that have been prepared by the company. Through the risk management process, it is possible to measure the risk and relate the same with an event and its consequences. Also, the possibilities of its incurrence can be reduced. Risks usually have a positive or negative impact, and both the factors can affect the performance of the company. Management for risk helps the management to analyse and identify the risks. This is also done through the risk evaluation process. Both the factors are considered to be quite important and contribute towards implementing rules for improved performance. The process that are followed in the method includes 1. Analysing the type of risks that can affect the performance of the company. 2. Introducing risk avoidance system (Hubbard, 2009). 3. Implementing risk evaluation method 4. Risk management system, through which the process can be implemented for introducing the changes that is required for controlling the loss at the production level. 5. Benefits and disadvantages for risk management system It is quite important to carry out the risk management system for the whole company, instead of a specified department. This will help in analysing the changes that are required to be implemented for increasing the productivity for the organization. Some of the benefits that are associated with this method include - 1. The company can frame an effective risk management framework, which is considered to be necessary for improving the quality of the production activities (JIS, 2009). 2. Draft policies through which the risk management framework can be implemented to avoid the increase in the price that can directly affect the operational expenses. 3. Implement policies through which the risk retention framework can be introduced by the management of the company. Disadvantages 1. The management of the company will have to draft policies for implementing the changes, which will also include additional costs and time. 2. Production activities might be impacted, due to the changes or the proposed conduct of the risk management system. 3. Need experts who can conduct the risk management for the company (Kendrick, 2009). In some cases, the management might choose to conduct the risk management on certain departments like production and manufacturing. Under such a circumstance it is necessary to analyse the reason for conducting the research and define the process that will be followed for the same (Lam, 2003). 1. Rights of disable worked The law for disabled workers is applicable to every company. Such employees are covered under the constitutional power that has been vested upon by the commonwealth government of the country. The rules clearly mention that the staffs with disability need to be provided with equal and fair opportunity to work. In other words, there shouldnt be any sort of discrimination, as this can directly affect the performance and the goodwill of the company. Every staff of the company needs to be provided with a fair opportunity to work and prove their calibre, and the rules for the same are covered under the disability act. The employers need to make the required adjustments that will encourage the members to work with the company. In this process, any sort of harassment and discrimination needs to be evaluated and controlled by the management of the company. Some of the examples related to adjustments are 1. Creating space for moving around 2. Easy access of the basic things that is required for carrying out the operational activities (McDaniels, Timothy . Small, 2004). 1. Types of insurance policies As a part of perk, every employer of the company provides insurance benefits to the staffs. Some of the important and most prominent types of insurance policies are mentioned below 1. Life insurance - Such insurance is provided to the staffs working with the company. The insurance provides benefits that are related to the health and medical expenses. Benefits are provided to the family of the staffs who has been enrolled by the company. 2. Disability insurance - The benefits associated with such insurance is granted to the staffs, in case of accident or permanent disability suffered at the workplace. Rules and policies are clearly mentioned by the comp any and the same is communicated with the employees. 3. Health insurance - through such policies the members are provided the rights to claim for the medical expenses that has been incurred by the management (Robertson Aynsley 2001). References Allen S, 2003. Financial Risk Management: A Practitioner's Guide to Managing Market and Credit Risk. Atkins D, Bates I, and Drennan L, 2006. Reputational Risk: Responsibility Without Control? Hubbard D, 2009. The Failure of Risk Management: Why It's Broken and How to Fix It JIS Q, 2001. Guidelines for development and implementation of risk management system, Japanese Standards Association July 2001. Kendrick T, 2009. Identifying and Managing Project Risk: Essential Tools for Failure-Proofing Your Project. Lam J, 2003. John Wiley Sons, Chichester Enterprise Risk Management - from Incentives to Controls McDaniels, Timothy . Small M, 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Risk Analysis and Society An Interdisciplinary Characterization of the Field Robertson D Aynsley K, 2001. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Globalization and the Environment Risk Assessment and the WTO.

The help desk free essay sample

Rob calls the help desk to report that he cannot access any websites on the Internet. While he is still on the phone, you have him try to access a file on his departmental server. In both cases, his attempts fail. Troubleshoot Rob’s computer and determine why he is unable to access the network. The troubleshooting process will be completed when you are able to access the network using Rob’s computer.Completion time20 minutes Exercise 18.2Troubleshooting Disk AccessOverview Alice sends an email to the help desk stating that when she tried to copy some files to her X: drive, which is a volume on her local hard disk, she was unable to do so. Because Alice has already left for her vacation, she cannot provide any more details about the problem, but she writes that she would appreciate the problem being fixed by the time she returns. The troubleshooting process will be completed when Alice can write files to her X: drive. We will write a custom essay sample on The help desk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Completion time20 minutes Exercise 18.3Troubleshooting Shared FoldersOverview Gail is the head bookkeeper for your company, and she stores the firm’s financial spreadsheet files on her Windows 7 computer. The other bookkeepers in the department, who all have user accounts that are members of the local Users group, work with the spreadsheets on Gail’s computer by accessing two shared folders called Payable and Receivable. Gail has just called the help desk and reported that since having a new network adapter installed, the other bookkeepers have been unable to access the shares. However, Gail is able to access web sites on the Internet. The troubleshooting process will be completed when other computers on the network are able to read files from and write them to the Payable and Receivable shares on Gail’s computer using the local Student user account an the password Pa$$w0rd.Completion time20 minutes Exercise 18.4Troubleshooting Logon ProblemsOverview Sarah calls the help desk because she has an intermittent problem logging on to her computer using the local Student user account and the password Pa$$w0rd. Some mornings, she logs on without a problem. On other days, she cannot log on at first, but after waiting a few minutes, her logon is successful. This morning, it took three attempts over the course of 30 minutes before she was able to log on, and she is becoming extremely frustrated. The troubleshooting process will be completed when Sarah is able to log on to her computer consistently with no delays.Completion time20 minutes

Ethics in Action

The heat energy produced by propanol Essay Example

The heat energy produced by propanol Essay Example The heat energy produced by propanol Paper The heat energy produced by propanol Paper The energy released by a fuel depends on two things. Firstly the number of bonds to be broken and made and secondly the type of bonds involved. Therefore from the preliminary work I can see that propanol has similar type bonds to ethanol, but it has more of them. This means that proponal will use more energy to break the bonds and; therefore more energy will be released to make more new bonds. Also, the greater the surface area and the greater the force of attraction between the molecules, will make it harder to vaporise. Therefore more energy will be released. Fair Test I would like to gain the most reliable results possible using the equipment and conditions provided; therefore I will have to consider certain factors, which if I do not control, may enforce my results to become less reliable. I will, * Keep a constant water temperature at the beginning. * Keep the distance of the copper can away from the flame at 5cm. * Have a constant water mass. * Keep the temperature from which the experiment is terminated fairly constant. * Stir the water with the thermometer before each temperature reading, which will distribute the heat evenly. Results Fuel Mass of Fuel Used Average Ethanol Analysis I will use the averages for ethanol and propanol to work out the total energy transfer and then I will use this to find the mass of fuel burnt per mole. The workings below show what I found out and what this suggests. Ethanol Q = M x C x t The letter Q is the energy in joules and what I want to find out, M is the volume of water in the copper can, C is the specific heat capacity of water and At is the rise in temperature during the experiment. All of these were kept the same throughout the experiment; therefore, M = 100cm3 C = 4. 2 t = 200C This gives the equation,Heat produced. The mass of ethanol burnt is 1. 4g and the relative molecular mass is 46, which I have already worked out previously. In order to work out the number of moles in 8400KJ I will use the equation, Number of Moles = mass/Relative Molar Mass If I put these numbers into the equation to give, Moles of ethanol burnt = 1. 4g/46 = 0. 03 moles. I will then use this to calculate the energy in one mole, 8400/0. 03 = 280000J = -280KJ Propanol I will use the same equation using the same numbers as before as they were kept the same in this experiment as well. This should give,Heat ProducedThe mass of propanol burnt is 1g and the relative molecular mass of propanol is 60, which I again worked out beforehand in my plan. I will use the equation, Number of Moles = mass/Relative Molar Mass I will put the numbers in the equation appropriately to give, Moles of propanol burnt The above figure can be used to work out the energy in one mole0KJ I did not use 0. 4 for the propanol average, because it does not follow the general trend; therefore it is anomalous. If I had included this result it may have affected my results slightly. The results that I obtained clearly show that the propanol did have the greatest energy loss; therefore my prediction was correct and theoretically my preliminary work was very successful in helping me gain the correct prediction. This is shown whereby for ethanol the energy give out per mole is -280KJ, whereas propanol gives out a slightly bigger -420KJ. From this experiment I have learnt that if there are too many carbon atoms present in a fuel then the energy given out as heat through combustion is increased, whereas if there are too few carbon atoms then the energy given out as heat from combustion decreases. If I compare my results with my preliminary work there is an immense difference in figures, whereby for ethanol the energy produced from one mole using the scientific figures is -1031KJ, whereas my results show that there is -420KJ of energy released. Also the scientific results for propanol are -2076, whereas my results show that for proponal -420KJ of energy was released. This significant difference was probably due to the extreme mass of heat loss during the experiment from the copper can, the spirit burner and the water; therefore less heat was transferred to energy. Also average bond energies shown in the data book were taken at 250C, whereas I took my results at a temperature of 200C, which means that a higher temperature the molecules would have had more energy as the bigger the temperature the faster the reaction; therefore more energy would have been transferred as heat after the breaking and making of the bonds. Evaluation I think that my experiment was fairly successful considering the limited equipment and conditions, as I managed to gain a set of fairly reliable results in order to draw a firm conclusion. There was only one anomalous result, which happened when testing the propanol whereby there was a result of 0. 4; therefore I did not include this in my average taking. This could have occurred for a number of reasons these are, The amount of water put into the can may not have been measured completely accurately because of the way the level of the water is seen in the measuring cylinder.   There may have not been a totally consistent height above the spirit burner. The spirit burner was not covered up during experiment; therefore the fuel could have evaporated. The length of the wick varied.   Heat could have escaped out of the sides of the spirit burner during combustion.   The copper can meant that it absorbed and transferred heat well but it lost heat to the air as well. These reasons could have had an slight effect on my results overall, whereby it will have made my results lower than the theretical results, as shown in my analysis. If I were to do this experiment again I would, Weigh the water in the copper can using burette instead of a measuring cylinder. Measure the distance between the can and the sprit burner between each fuel burnt.   Cut the wick to the same length after each fuel is burnt.   Insulate the copper can at the sides. User a Bomb Calorimeter so that draughts can be prevented and so that there is restrictions to the heat lost. The diagram below shows what the bond calorimeter would look like and how it would be set up. I think that despite the problems that occurred I still managed to gain a fairly reliable set of results in order to imply whether the energy loss for ethanol or propanol was bigger. If I were to experiment further I could experiment with a much wider range of fuels to see whether their energy loss is bigger then propanol. Also I could investigate other factors that affect the energy loss from combustion, such as, the length of the wick, the heat source and the heat capacity. In doing this I can broaden my understanding in this section of chemistry. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Quantile Hedging Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Quantile Hedging - Dissertation Example As the report dceclares investors, security analysts, investment bankers, portfolio managers, bond-rating agencies, and corporate financial analysts are concerned about the insecurity of the returns on their investments. To minimize the risks of losing in the financial market, hedginga is done by these market traders. Hedging is a method to protect one's investments. Financial derivative instruments made hedging of these risks possible. Hedgers can sell the risks to speculators, or buyers of risks, but only when these risks show some form of stability. According to the report findings when the price of the securities increases, the trader gains profit from the main securities bought, but exhibits loss on the securities that were sold short. On the other hand, when the industry declines, the trader will earn from the short sold securities and lose from the long ones. Thus, hedging also brings risk when the securities appreciate in value. But the possible loss is not as much as when hedging is not done. The classic practice evolved into more sophisticated means as new mathematical tools or models are introduced. All types of hedging techniques generally involve distribution between the actual market value and theoretical value, and aim to gain profits when these values converge. Common types of hedging are applied in insurance, credit risks, foreign exchange and equities. An option is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy or sell stocks or securities either at a given price or a specified period of time but without any o bligation. These assets are called derivatives because their value is derived from another investment's worth. Call options give the holder the right to buy the securities while put options give the holder the right to sell. Option pricing strategies can be traced back in history since about 1877 when a book entitled "The Theory of Options in Stocks and Shares" was written by Charles Castelli. He presented in his book the speculation and hedging aspects of options but there was no significant theoretical base. There were several more dissertations done since then that presented the analytical valuation of options and pricing models (Rubash, n.d., p.3). The modern option pricing models being used now were based on these dissertations done decades ago. These option pricing models common to traders and analysts now are the Bachelier model, Black-Scholes model, Merton model, and the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model or the Binomial Option Price model. Detailed discussions of

Juvenile delinquency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Juvenile delinquency - Research Paper Example Statistics showed that the young people are the ‘most active part of the population involved in illegal activities’ based on different forms of risks factors such as peer pressure, lack of parental or adult guidance, etc. thus, resulting into different forms of crimes such as substance abuse, and even murder in the most serious case scenarios (2005). Juvenile delinquency is an issue that affects both the legal and social aspects of the society. Although the problems related to delinquent behaviors can be rooted to the biological risk factors and parental supervision, the solutions undertaken by the society transcends the boundaries of personal and family life. The legal aspects and the establishment of the juvenile justice system can be considered as the main intervention established by the social and political leaders to resolve the problems related to juvenile delinquency. Juvenile justice is directly related to juvenile delinquency on the precept of finding solutions to the problems related to the latter. The main focus of juvenile justice includes the crimes that are committed and/or affected the youth. These cases had been recorded through history and each period had established certain rules and guidelines to handle these types of problems but the cases of problematic youth still continue. Based on the work by William Sanders in 1970, it had been de noted that juvenile offenders of the law had been recorded for 1000 years and such problems had been known even earlier (Shoemaker and Wolfe, 2005, p.3). The juvenile justice had started prior to the formal establishment of juvenile courts. During the early part of history, e.g. the era of feudalism, social control can be considered as the most stringent in every aspect of the society. Due to the social structure, the family was considered as the basic unit of social control. But

The Role of Medical Laboratory Assistants Assignment

The Role of Medical Laboratory Assistants - Assignment Example But the main duty of MLAs is to process the sample so the MLA should have a sound knowledge about the sampling and the processing techniques as well as the local recommendations of the regional medical legislative authority. The main principles of planning a test include the propose of carrying out the test, the knowledge of the clinical suspicion for a particular disease. Then the time frame of performance is planned followed by the list of the equipment and the chemical used and then the standard procedures for the investigation are gone through in detail to exclude the possibility of missing anything. Basically, the responsibility of accurate and timely reporting of test results lies on the personnel working in the laboratory as there are many problems which can arise even before the sample has undergone the analytical process. These errors can only be tackled properly if the prior understanding of the process, as well as the capability to identify any error in these processes, is present in the MLAs. In addition to this, controlled and correct interpretation of results needs a comprehensive knowledge of analytical, biological and pathophysiological variability and the extent of this change. There should also be sound knowledge about the time span in which changes can occur in the sample resulting in the variations and errors in the final results. Reproducibility shows the relation of the results of the tests carried out with different operators, test apparatus and in different laboratories, it is usually expressed in the form of standard deviation. It is directly related to the accuracy of the results and MLAs should be able to reproduce the results which are accepted worldwide. The process review techniques should be quick and easy as it will save the time of quality control supervisors.  

Critical Response Teen Magazines A Critical Analysis English Language Essay

Critical Response Teen Magazines A Critical Analysis English Language Essay Magazines aimed at the young teenage women market may give the impression of being a girls best friend. Of course, like everything, they have their strengths and weaknesses but do the strengths outweigh the weaknesses? It seems more likely for the negative effects of teenage magazines to be more prominent than the positive effects but is this really the case? This response reviews the way teenage magazines address issues relevant to young women today, especially from the point of view of promoting healthy body image, safe sex and leading social justice issues. All these aspects are emphasised by techniques used in the composition of these magazines with article structure, visual collages and informal language being the most common. Are the issues they cover and the extent to which they cover them appropriate for their readers? Teenage magazines, such as Dolly and Girlfriend, are often the first place teenagers turn when they have a problem and that is when segments like Dolly Doctor  [1]  are most commonly used. This reinforces the need for the magazines content to be appropriate for their readers; however, this is not always possible. Magazines, such as Cleo and Cosmopolitan, are in a difficult position; whilst they are aimed at the young adult market, 18 to 35-year-old women, a large proportion of their readers are between the age o f 14 and 17. As reported in the respective magazines readership profiles, 35.16 per cent of Cosmopolitan readers  [2]  are aged between 14 and 17 and 29.11 per cent of Cleo readers.  [3]  How does this effect the teens who read these magazines? It appears that these effects are positive, such as encouraging their readers to exercise, as well as negative, for instance lowering their self-esteem. Why are teenage magazines so popular? Issues facing teenagers Teenage magazines play an important role in the average female teenagers life. They provide a wide range of information, from social issues such as smoking and drinking, to issues of a less important nature, such as what to wear to the formal, or how to talk to boys.  [4]  It is, therefore, important that they address the relevant issues teenagers face in society today. One of the biggest issues addressed in teenage magazines is sex, and more importantly, safe sex. The impression you acquire when you pick up a teenage magazine is that they assume that if girls are not sex savvy then they want to be.  [5]   One teenage reader asked the question concerning Chik  [6]  magazine: wheres all the sex stories?  [7]  This simple question supports the theory that teenage magazines are not necessarily successful for the correct reasons. Amongst some groups in society, such as the Christian churches, such articles are often perceived as immoral. It also makes these acts seem more common in society, which is not necessarily true. In fact, 80 percent of 16 year-olds have not had sexual intercourse but by the age of 18 theres a 50 per cent probability that they have.  [8]  Being a virgin is generally criticised by other teenagers. Despite the fact that magazines promote safe sex, research has shown that safe sex does not exist unless two virgins are having sex for the first time and remain with each other for life.  [9]   On the other hand, these magazines run articles on what their readers want to know. If Dolly magazine receive a letter asking for help about not wanting to have sex, they will run an article about abstinence. Or if they receive a letter about date rape, they will run an article about date rape and what to do about it. In the same respect, if a reader asks Dolly, what is masturbation? they will respond with an appropriate article.  [10]   There seems to be a common perception that reading teenage magazines has contributed heavily to readers low self-esteem. As a result of this perception, today teenage magazines seek to promote a health body image. Dolly magazine has a specific section in every issue called the Body Confidence Club  [11]  that is dedicated to motivating teenagers to be content with their body. This ranges from advice on exercising and meditation to healthy eating. Often it will include real-life stories to help teenagers to believe if it worked for them, it can work for me! The deputy editor of Dolly magazine said: We never publish diets or ever say that a girl should lose weight, its only ever about toning up if thats what you want to feel better about yourself.  [12]   The Body Confidence Club is a reader forum where Dolly talks about a body issue and does it in a way that is inspirational. Stories will reflect the problem and show solutions, stimulating teenagers to think that they can change too. Publishing articles on healthy body image next to fashion spreads glorifying all that is tall and skinny  [13]  can have a negative effect. What girls need to remember is that Marilyn Monroe was a size 14 and she was still considered beautiful.  [14]   Even Cosmopolitan has dealt with the issue of body image, introducing the Body Love Initiative in October 2001. This policy states that Cosmopolitan will use models from size 6 to size 16 in every issue, as well as all races. Alongside the models, Cosmopolitan will not publish a diet and has not done so for around seven years. They also ensure that their advertisers do not place unnecessary emphasis on the need to be skinny and consistently publish articles to help readers feel more confident and love the skin they are in. These guidelines were put into place after readers became outraged over a photo shoot, Lingerie Gets Real, featuring women in their underwear.  [15]  Cosmopolitans philosophy is: Healthy eating, healthy body image but being within your healthy body weight range all about feeling good in your own skin.  [16]   Another issue addressed by these magazines concerns popularity amongst peers. This is an important issue in the minds of teenagers, especially in the school environment. The common perception that you have to be cool to obtain the attention of a boy increases the pressure of becoming popular. To quash this assumption Dolly magazine focuses on the fact that popularity is not as important as being confident. Therefore they run stories about how to talk to people, both boys and girls, and how to be more confident in different situations.  [17]  However, confidence is just one part of it. If a teenager does not feel popular she is less likely to be confident. So it is important to address popularity as an issue of concern. Mental health and wellbeing are important issues to address for teenagers. They need to gain understanding of the causes, occurrences and management of these disorders. Without this knowledge there are often misconceptions about disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Suicide, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and self-harm are all common topics of discussion in Dolly magazine because of the many letters received requesting information about certain mental illnesses. The deputy editor of Dolly states that: In all of those stories we do talk to experts about the issue and get information that the girls can use.  [18]   Cosmopolitan, on the other hand, always runs feel-good articles in the magazine each month to help their readers overcome their own anxiety and stress  [19]  but they do not run articles to increase the awareness of mental illnesses. Illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are rarely mentioned in Cosmopolitan. Physical impairment is another issue that needs to be dealt with. This is to ensure that teenagers acknowledge that people with physical impairments are not different. Dolly often publishes articles on the life story of someone with a physical impairment to show the readers that despite this impairment and the obstacles in their life they still live normally and they are like any other person. However, Cosmopolitan and Cleo fail to cover issues about physical impairment. How magazines are composed How do magazines persuade people to read so many articles and view the visual images constructed in each monthly issue? This is achieved through the language and visual techniques that are used and accentuated to capture the attention of the reader. These include structure, interviews, language features, pull-quotes, rhetorical questions and visual texts. Firstly, the structure of most feature articles is changing. They are beginning to be separated by many sub-headings. By using sub-headings it allows the reader to go straight to the part of the article they are particularly interested in. For example in the Dolly article, The Rise of the Straight Edgers,  [20]  if a person knew what a Straight Edger is, but was wondering where the name came from they can go to the sub-section, Whats with the name?  [21]  Or if they wanted to find out more, they are directed to the section, Wanna know more?  [22]  This means that a person can get what they want out of the article quickly without having to read the entire article. The types of articles also vary from stories, interviews and notes. Stories are effective in entertaining as well as informing. The investigation into the statistic that 1 in 5 women will experience violence during pregnancy  [23]  is informing the reader about the risks of violence during pregnancy as well as telling the stories of women who lost their lives at the hand of the father of their unborn child. The use of interviews creates the impression that the reader is communicating with the interviewee, and not reading it second hand. An interview, such as Tammin Sursoks subtitled, The first time I ,  [24]  gives the reader the feeling of having a conversation with your best friend about the first time you kissed a boy had sex fell in love à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [25]  This creates the effect that the reader is getting to know the celebrity personally, instead of just reading a magazine interview. The use of first person also emphasizes this in the mind of the reader. This approach is taken in most interviews in magazines in an attempt to personalize the article for the reader. Notes allow the reader to go straight to short bits of information. In Rags to Riches  [26]  the reader can quickly obtain small pieces of fact from the spreadsheet of information. These text formats allow different readers to access the information that is of specific interest to them. The language used amongst teenage magazines is informal, conversational and full of jargon and slang. This is because these magazines try to speak to the reader, not speak at them. You could imagine that if one of these magazines happened to use formal language it would appear as though the magazine is a text book and very serious. Informal language creates a much more carefree approach to topics of discussion positioning the reader to relate more easily. For example, if this sentence: When you look at Jade, she strikes you as just another spunky chick, in miniature  [27]   was written formally it would say something along the lines of: Upon viewing Jade, your first impression of her would be, a short but fashionable woman. Instead, using informal language helps to keep the teenagers interested and they are more likely to read and understand what is being said. It also fits in with each magazines philosophy  [28]   to be the readers friend and adviser. Jargon and slang reaches the teenagers on their level. In this particular sentence slang is adopted strongly and still manages to communicate its message: You probably heard Paris [Hilton] threw a tanti when she saw her porn vid being sold by her local newsstand owner  [29]   Words such as tanti and vid are slang for tantrum and video. The purpose of this language is to relate to the teens by communicating to them using their own jargon. Emotive language is used to create a response in the reader and is present in sections like Dolly Doctor  [30]  and Sex, Body and Friends Advice  [31]  . Its intention is to convey the message that the writers at each magazine truly care about the issues people are asking about and they offer genuine advice to help their reader. When Girlfriend Advice was questioned about bullying, their response was: All of us here at GF [Girlfriend] feel very strongly that you have a right to feel totally safe at school.  [32]   The expression of concern for the girl being bullied helps the girl to believe that they really care. Dolly magazine also does the same thing. When Dolly counsellor, Louise Redmond, was asked about whether there is something wrong with a girl who keeps being excluded from her friendship groups plans she responds: Theres absolutely nothing wrong with you! Hard as it is, dont take it personally.  [33]   As a result of this expression of kindness and concern the person asking the question then feels compelled to follow the advice handed out to them by the magazine. The use of second person addresses the reader. Its inclusiveness embraces each readers concerns. Pull-quotes are used within articles to compel you to read an article. A pull-quote is a quote from the article that is selected and highlighted amongst the text in a different coloured and larger sized font. This device is used to draw the readers eye to the page. The quote is chosen on its strength and whether or not it is interesting, funny, exciting or riveting.  [34]  For example, in the article titled, Im a teenage mum of three,  [35]  the pull-quote, All of my friends lost their virginity before me, but I wanted to wait until I felt ready to have a baby  [36]   interests the reader into reading the article to find out why this teenager has three children by the age of seventeen. This is effective in attracting interest and attention to the article. However, other pull-quotes can seem completely irrelevant to the story. For example, an article titled My parents are both blind  [37]  with a pull quote: If someones playing kickball I run off coz Im scared about it hitting me  [38]   This pull-quote seems completely out of context, however, by causing confusion about the article teenagers are more likely to read the article. If only to find out how that pull-quote relates to an article about something perceivably different. Rhetorical questions invoke thought about the issue being addressed. If the issue is not a well-known topic questions such as: Does he love it? Hate it?  [39]   strategically placed at the beginning of the article encourages readers to engage in reading and contemplating the article. The composers of the magazines have, therefore, reached its purpose to persuade people to read their publications. Emphasised questions help to make the reader focus on what an article is addressing. The majority of the questions asked are answered within the body of the article. What can you do to stop the symptoms?  [40]   is answered, Learn new and better ways to deal with stress. Eat a varied diet and avoid foods that have a high fat content  [41]   This allows the reader to gain closure on the topic of discussion. If you were to pick up the latest Dolly magazine to find that there were no pictures at all, what would you think? Without images these magazines would have no appeal, people would just walk straight past them in a shop. The problem begins at the appropriateness of these visual images. Often an article would not survive without images or be overlooked if it was not for the suggestive images surrounding the text. The most prominent visual technique is a collage, especially on the front cover. It is the most effective way of putting a lot of information into a small space. A collage is used in Dollys Style section  [42]  and presents to the reader four celebrities, their fashion style, and the clothing articles and accessories they can obtain to achieve the same fashion style. Some articles, such as How Old Is She?  [43]  , could not exist without pictures. How do you demonstrate that a person looks young or old for their actual age without images? These pictures, however, seize the readers attention and intrigue them to find out how old these girls really are. Other pictures are used to tease the reader into reading the article. Images such as the one in Great Places To Kiss  [44]  catches the readers eye and provokes them to read the article. Even the image for the article Stop Texting Me!  [45]  provokes the reader. They see a girl with a mobile phone and quickly examine the article to see if it is of any interest to them. In Cosmopolitans fashion workshop  [46]  visual images are essential to explain why you should not wear certain types of underwear for different body shapes. However, Cosmopolitan has taken some poetic licence. In the images showing the reader what not to wear they place the model in an unflattering pose and appearing self-conscious. This creates the effect that it is not something the reader would want to wear. Of course, when the model is wearing what ultimately looks better she appears to be happy and confident, posing with a smile. A recurring way of presenting photos is in the notice board style. Each photo has a thick white border and a paper clip or thumb-tack in the corner, giving the effect that the photos are up on a notice board, attached to a personal profile or even part of a personal notebook.  [47]  Personalising these photos involves the reader in the magazine and creates a carefree atmosphere. Consequently, the combination of these techniques makes a teenage magazine intriguing to the reader. This results from being positioned by the composer in a location easily accessible to read or view the text. By making these magazines intriguing and easily accessible allows the magazines to sell many copies of each monthly issue. Magazines and Appropriateness Many people tend to focus on the negative aspects of what teenagers are reading in magazines. Christopher Bantick, The Age journalist, wrote: Besides the heavy emphasis on sex and problematic sex at that teenage girls magazines capitalize on adolescent insecurity.  [48]   Although this is accurate, Bantick could be optimistic and, instead of reinforcing common beliefs about magazines, he could address the fact that these magazines do aim to reach out to teenagers at their level and help them with their insecurities, whether that would be about sexual intercourse or not. Magazines have implemented sections within the magazines where their readers can write in to ask for advice  [49]  about something they feel uncomfortable asking their parents or even their friends. Many parents do not like what their daughters are reading in these teenage magazines, as evident by the Your Say section of The Age,  [50]  but many more are actually dejected that their daughters are growing up too fast and interested in such topics of discussion. Articles regarding Sex Exotica  [51]  would seem inappropriate for a 14-year-old female to be reading. Such an article may be appropriate for Cosmopolitans market audience, 18 to 35 year olds. However, the editors should take into account that a large percentage of the readers, 35.16 per cent  [52]  to be exact, are aged between 14 and 17. However, if Cleo and Cosmopolitan were to change their content to suit the younger readers than they may lose readers and they would not be aimed at the 18 to 35 year old market any longer. It seems, with these two magazines in particular, they are mostly focused on topics such as sexual intercourse. Parents feel these magazines are not appropriate because of a perceived breach of moral standards. Cosmopolitans morals were questioned when a monthly issue was on sale in a Woolworths store. They received many complaints about a headline regarding a guide to a mind-blowing blow-job.  [53]  Cosmopolitan were forced to place stickers over this headline as it was inappropriate for the consumers in a supermarket. Many critics consider it inappropriate for young teenagers to be reading material such as that in Cosmopolitan and Cleo, and it is just as inappropriate for pre-teenagers to be reading Dolly or Girlfriend with the content they represent. Magazines have the potential to influence young minds about what is acceptable and unacceptable in society as well as altering their way of thinking about sexual intercourse and gender roles. There are other reasons why teenage magazines appeal to a young audience. Firstly, there are the striking colours, secondly, the famous boy or girl splashed across the cover page and thirdly, the desire to be cooler and mature for their age. These magazines reveal little about the value of academic achievement and intellectual challenges. It is fair to say that the brain is not the hot organ at the centre of the teenage magazine world. This lack of concern about formal education is reflected in Dolly and Girlfriend with less than 20 per cent  [54]  of articles focused on education and/or intelligence. Only Cosmopolitan and Cleo frequently publish articles about careers. However, of the articles published in each magazine, less than 5 per cent  [55]  of the articles are based on careers. The effects of these magazines Teenage magazines can affect teenagers in many ways, both positively and negatively. However because people tend to focus on the negatives it appears as though most of these effects are, in fact, negative. A study by the British Medical Association  [56]  has shown that: The media are a significant and pervasive influence in modern society, and provide information about gender roles, fashion and acceptable body image which may be particularly influential on those young children and adolescents who are heavily exposed to its content  [57]   And: Young women may compare themselves to extremely thin models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and perceive themselves as fat in comparison, rather than healthy and attractive  [58]   This sort of influence on an already insecure teenager could result in social and psychological problems. These include eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, anxiety problems, depression and low self-esteem in susceptible personalities. Such problems are not healthy for the individual and restrict their quality of life. These problems, especially anxiety and low self-esteem, may arise from viewing the cover of any teenage magazine. This visual imagery may cause teenagers to feel insecure about their own body image, out of touch with the latest trends and even confused. Positioned on the cover of Dolly  [59]  magazine, April 2005, is an image of singer, Jessica Simpson, who is thin, toned, tanned, blonde, beautiful and in public view is her tight stomach and ample bust. For any girl who is not one hundred per cent comfortable with her outward appearance that image can be disheartening and depressing. Those who do not recognise the name or face of the latest guys youd sell your best friend for  [60]  can feel as though they are not up with the latest gossip or workings of, so to speak, girl-world. Those who do not understand the headline Stuck in Bloat Town?  [61]  can become confused even before opening the magazine. All of these thoughts and feelings occur before the person has even open ed the magazine. Once the magazine is opened, however, the feelings may continue or cease, it all depends on what part of the magazine the reader focuses on. The advertisements tend to send a completely different message than the articles they are placed next to and results in vulnerable teenage girls feeling uncertain about what message the magazine is trying to send. This mainly occurs when an article about healthy body image is placed next to image displaying a perceivably flawless, thin model.  [62]   Another impact on teenagers is caused by the fashions that models are seen wearing in magazines. These fashions influence the readers preferences. Teenagers will believe that if they wear that brand of clothing and that style of clothing they will look better and impress. This is not always the case, the clothes in magazines are often suggestive and send the wrong message. It could be interpreted that shes asking for trouble and a rebel when she is only following trends being fed by the magazines. Males can also be affected by these magazines, as well as females. It is a widely known fact that these images misrepresent the ideal body image for females but: There is growing awareness regarding the pressure men and boys are under to appear muscular.  

Medicinal Uses of Rainforest Plants Essay examples -- Exploratory Essa

Medicinal Uses of Rainforest Plants It is estimated that nearly half of the world's estimated 10 million species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms will be destroyed or severely threatened over the next quarter century due to rainforest deforestation. Rainforest plants are complex chemical storehouses that contain many undiscovered compounds which are a vital part for the growth and development of the world. Therefore, we can only gain access and knowledge to these materials if we study and conserve the species that contain them. Rainforests currently provide sources for one-fourth of today's medicines, and 70 percent of the plants found have anti-cancer properties. However, they are only found in the rainforest. The rainforest and its immense undiscovered biodiversity holds the key to unlocking tomorrow's cures for today's devastating diseases. In 1983, there were no US pharmaceutical manufacturers involved in research programs to discover new drugs or cures from plants. However, today over 100 pharmaceutical companies and several branches of the US government, including Abbott, Merck, Bristol-Meyers, Squibb and the National Cancer Institute are actively engaged in plant-based research projects for possible drugs and cures for viruses, infections, cancer, and AIDS. However, I am presenting the preservation of the world=s rainforests by showing how much more valuable plants are standing rather than cut down. Indeed, it is a race against a clock whose every tick means another acre of charred forest. Yet, in a competitive market, whoever presents new evidence in chemical bioprospecting will secure health and a piece of scientific immortality. We are now losing the earth=s greatest biologic... ...avin, and Hilary French Sate of the World. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1999. Caufield, Catherine. In the Rainforest. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1994. Emerich, Monica. AWhat You Should Know About Rainforest Remedies.@ Preserving Mayan Medicine. March 1998, Galileo. Online. Dialog. 1 Oct. 2003. Gay, Kathlyn. Rainforests of the World. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1999. Henahan, Sean. ARainforest Medicines.@ Newsmaker Interviews. (1996): 6 pages. Online Internet. 1 Oct. 2003. Available Jenkins, Mark. AThe Secret Garden.@ Men=s Health. Oct. 1997, vol.12: 142. Galileo.Online. Dialog. 25 Sept. 2003. Available Meyers, Norman. Rainforests. Emmaus: Rodale Press, 1993. Newman, Arnold. Tropical Rainforest. New York: Edison Sadd Editions, 2000. Taylor, Leslie. Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest. Rocklin: Prima Publishing, 1998.

No Zero Policy Essay

In most schools in many states, teachers and parents consider a grade of zero acceptable for incomplete homework. It is common for teachers to give zeros for late or slacked off assignments. Unfortunately, few teachers or parents question the usefulness of the consequence, and students continue to reap the consequences without benefit. Giving zeros as an punished measurement produces failure rather than performance. Administrators conjure up the fact that raising questions about grading procedures could induce powerful emotional responses from all the teachers. Even when school policies exist, teachers often deviate from the prescribed standard to reflect the teacher’s personal preferences for evaluating students. Grading policies usually develop from teachers’ personal school experiences without questioning or considering the validity of the process. Most teachers agree that grades are a measurement of learning and should reflect the effort of the student rather than the knowledge. However, many grading policies promise zeros for things like not doing homework, having incomplete or late assignments, being tardy, coming to class without books, chewing gum, or failing to follow through with any other required classroom rules. Unfortunately, many teachers combine behavior issues with a students’ academic measurement. Giving zeros for behavior issues is an inaccurate reflection of the student’s academic performance. Academic measurement should only measure learning. A zero is a mathematically imbalanced measurement as the normal grading scale for most school. Conant using the unbalanced tipped scale for certain performance classes. Letter grades usually have a ten point range or less. For instance, A would be 90-100, B is 80-89, C is 70-79, D is 60-69. Using this method, an evaluation for an â€Å"F† should be F as 50-59. It is not required for the â€Å"F† to carry 59 points (0-59) while all other grades carry 10 points. An â€Å"A† averaged with an â€Å"F† should make a â€Å"C.† However, if the â€Å"A† is 100 and the â€Å"F† is 0, averaged they equal a 50 which is still an â€Å"F†. Teachers usually use zeros to motivate students to do better. However, zeros kill motivation. Two zeros, whether just or unjust, can destroy a good average. Zeros produce a sense of hopelessness and certain failure. Many students fail courses due to a lack of organizational abilities rather than defiance. When teachers give zeros for homework assigned for extra credit rather than for the actual learning process, they are using grades as a behavior punishment. Recording a failing grade for assignments not intended for the means of simple knowledge is not reasonable. Assigning zeros for homework issues is especially common for students with organizational issues and dysfunctional homes that lack parental support. The grade of a zero does not benefit the motivation of a child’s education. Students through laziness take zeros as an easy way out of doing the assignment. Students often avoid assignments like research papers, essays, and reports by taking a zero instead of doing the work. The student barely passes to the next grade without having gained these vital learning experiences. Students with organizational problems do not increase performance skills through the automatic zero. Neither does the automatic zero help students who do not understand the assignment gain the knowledge intended. In fact, the automatic zero threatens failure. Teachers need to use logical consequences rather than a full blown zero when work is not completed. There are several possible alternatives to giving a zero. The school can include tardiness and other behavior issues in its own discipline policy rather than in the grading system. If the teacher must give a failing grade, give a grade no more than ten points lower than the last passing grade to make the measurement equitable. The teacher can have a homework detention hall after school to help those who struggle with completing assignments. The student receives a grade of incomplete until the student completes major assignments such as research papers, essays, and reports. The final average for the term is recorded only when the assignments are all received and graded. The student cannot earn credit for the course until these valuable assignments are completed and turned in. A minimal passing grade would be appropriate for extremely late assignments. For many years teachers have followed grading procedures learned from their teachers without evaluating their effectiveness or appropriateness. Grades should measure academic learning not the slacking effort of the student, for they may have their reasons. Receiving a zero for not putting your name on a paper or failing to do homework does not reflect a student’s lack of knowledge. Zeros promote failure rather than the student gaining more knowledge. Three 100’s averaged with one zero gives a score of 75. The zero forces failure and is not an evenhanded measurement of learning. Anything that is inequitable is unjust. If it is unjust, it is unethical. Therefore, giving zeros as an academic measurement is not proper to the safe learning environment of High Schools.

Play Analysis of Noises Off Essays

Play Analysis of Noises Off Essays Play Analysis of Noises Off Essay Play Analysis of Noises Off Essay Through reading the play Noises Off, one is able to see the characters trying to present the play Nothing On.The action takes place in numerous theatres, where the audience could see behind the scene of a true theatre production. Noises Off was written by a British author name Michael Frayn. This play is a very humorous and outrageous play, were each character in Noises Off plays another character in Nothing On. In this paper, I shall analysis the plot of this play, the characters, and the roles that each character plays. The play Noises Off takes place on Monday, January 14 in Weston-Super-Mare Grand Theatre (Frayn, pg.4). As for Nothing On, it takes place in the living room of Brents country home on a Wednesday afternoon (Frayn, pg.4). During the play Noises Off, Dotty Otley born in Malta, goes with Garry Lejeune. She won the Rose Bruford Medal for effort.Miss Otley seems to always forget what she is supposed to be doing in the play.She cant figure out weahter to take the sardines and newspaper out or leave them and keep the receiver on or off the hook.From the play, it could probably be said that, Dotty is not understandable, but is smart.She loves to do what everyone asks of her and Garry does.Like in Act I when Garry says to Doty, Id be perfectly happy with the sardines if you were happy with them, love, then Dotty replies, Im happy with them if youre happy with them, love.Leaving Garry, Dotty decides to ho with Fredrick. Dotty had money in show and thats how! Selsdon got his job.By Dotty working with Lloyd before was what kept Selsdon in the play even though he was drunk. At the beginning of the play, entering from the service quarters into the living room is Mrs. Clackett.Mrs. Clackett, played by Dotty is the Brents housekeeper who supposedly always goes home at oclock on Wednesday.

Italian Sayings Using the Word Mangiare

Italian Sayings Using the Word Mangiare Mangia, or eat! in English, is a  term that reminds everyone that Italians have a reputation for being gourmands. Whether in popular culture or the abundance of Italian-themed restaurants throughout the world, this word seems to serve as the exemplar for the human condition. Phrases With Mangiare There are lots of great words and phrases with the word â€Å"mangiare† as a base, and as you go through them, try directly translating them from Italian to English as it makes them easier to remember. For example, â€Å"mangianastri,† which is â€Å"cassette player,†Ã‚  directly relates to â€Å"eat tape.†Ã‚  Italian compound nouns (nomi composti) with a form of mangiare include the following: fare da mangiare per: to cook forfinire di mangiare, finire tutto il pasto: to eat upil mangiafuoco: blusterer, braggart, swashbuckler, fire-eateril mangiamoccoli: hypocritically self-righteous person (popular term)il mangiapagnotte: someone who receives a public salary working with little effortil mangiapane a tradimento: scrounger, freeloaderil mangiapreti: a person who does not believe in the power of those religiously ordainedmangiare a saziet: to eat your fillmangiare bene: to eat wellmangiare come un maiale: to eat like a pigmangiare da cani: to eat badlymangiare fuori: to dine outmangiare la polvere: to bite the dustmangiarsi le mani: to kick oneselfmangiarsi le parole: to mumblela mangiatoia: manger, troughla mangiatrice di uomini: maneateril mangiatutto: big eater (also a kind of green beans, also known as â€Å"taccole† or â€Å"fagioli mangiatutto†) The verb mangiare is also the basis for the character name Mangiafuoco (Fire-Eater), the fictional wealthy director of the Great Marionette Theatre in The Adventures of Pinocchio. Proverbs Referring to Mangiare The slogan Chi vespa mangia le mele... was part of a famous advertising campaign by Piaggio from 1969-1971 to promote the Vespa motorino. The Italian language, though, has many other words of wisdom relating to eating. Chi mangia e non invita, possa strozzarsi con ogni mollica. - He who eats alone and invites no one, will choke with every crumb.Chi mangia solo crepa solo. - He who eats alone dies alone.Cià ² che si mangia con gusto non fa mai male. - What you eat with pleasure will never make you sick.Mangiare senza bere à ¨ come il tuono senza pioggia. - Eating without drinking is like thunder without the rain.Mangia quello che piace a te, vesti come piace agli altri. - Eat what you like, but wear what others like.Non si vive per mangiare ma si mangia per vivere. - One doesnt live to eat, but eats to live. Derogatory Terms Using Mangia For historical, political, and cultural reasons, there is a tradition  in many  countries of fierce territoriality, antipathy, competition, and prejudice among geographical regions. In Italy, given the geopolitical background of its former city-states, the expressed animosity can be especially pronounced (and creative!). In Italian, there are  terms used to refer to individuals from other regions- admittedly pejorative given the context- that include the verb mangiare. Unfortunately, poking fun (or scorn) on anyone on account of their dietary habits or economic status  is not uncommon. Here are common expressions that can be used in friendly conversations, but are rare since they are derogatory: Mangiacristiani:  Christian eater- a menacing, threatening person, but more in words than in deedsMangiamaccheroni:  Macaroni-eater- native of NapoliMangiacipolle:  Poor people who only could eat onionsMangiapatate:  Potato eater- one who habitually eat potatoes or is greedy; used to refer to GermansMangiapolenta:  Polenta eater- used when referring to those from the Veneto and LombardiaMangiapopolo:  People eater- oppressor, exploiterMangiasapone:  Soap eater- pejorative name given to SouthernersMangiabambini:  In fairy tales, an ogre who eats children; also, a grim-looking person who is, in reality, mild and harmless

Ethics in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in the Workplace - Research Paper Example They also reported that the mine operators were notified by about 204 violations by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (Cooper & Urbina, 2010). The above report clearly shows that both the mine operators and the authorities were aware of the problems and still took no serious actions to rectify it. In other words, the lives of the mine workers were given least value by the authorities and the Upper Big Branch Mine operators. Mine works are considered to be one of the most dangerous works in the world because of the complexities of conducting underground operations. Bob Drogin and Nicole Santa Cruz have written on Los Angeles Times dated: 06 Apr 2010 that the Massey Energy Co., the mine owner...Officials said they didn't yet know the cause of the accident. They also reported that the federal inspectors who have inspected the company earlier found a lot of violations and have fined the company more than $382,000 for repeated serious violations (Drogin& Cruz, 2010). The argument of the company management that they don’t know the reason of accident itself shows that how less seriously they are addressing such a serious accident. They are deliberately trying to hide the fact that the company was caught and fined on many occasions for safety violations. They never learned lessons from their earlier mistakes. Both the company and the authorities are equally responsible for this accident. Loopholes in the governmental rules and regulations on mine operations were also contributed heavily to the Upper Big Branch Mine accident. Authorities even though enforced some fines, never tried to take any strong actions against the company. The authorities could have asked the company to close down their operations till all the  safety measures were in place. They failed to do so and satisfied with some routine inspections and fines. The company, on the other hand, was aware that the authorities may not implement any strong actions against them and continued playing with the human lives. In short, both the management of the Upper Big Branch Mine and the authorities like The Mine Safety and Health administration are equally responsible for the above accident.

Unit 2 Discussion art and Humanities Research Paper

Unit 2 Discussion art and Humanities - Research Paper Example According to the stylistic features seen in the portrait, it can be assumed that Andy Warhol did not show some seriousness in his work. This was so because many artists perceived designing of a self portrait to be very difficult for it involved a lot of research. Though this particular portrait is considered to be one of the most famous portraits in the world, it still does not meet the viewers’ expectations (Frei and George, 202). The portrait in this case does not earn fame because of the stylistic features used but being the first self portrait to be designed. Actually, no one still understands the main purpose of the portrait as it does not display the real Warhol. The viewers of this portrait are still expecting more insight and depth as they claim that there is nothing displayed but a whitish brown sketch that is behind sunken eyes (Fieldman and Jorg, 193). This shows that the color background of the portrait was not also well set as it tend to resemble or match that of the main portrait hence making it very difficult to see the portrait clearly. Some hidden parts of the portrait such as the eyes appear to be dark hindering clear view. From the features seen in this portrait, it can be concluded that the portrait is one of the famous self portraits that from which many artists drew their experience from. This portrait only brought some idea in the artistic industry as it showed that there is a possibility in designing a self portrait. The designing of portrait though took decades; it is considered a sketch work that only a partial image of the artist. This is also considered to have been so because Warhol who was the designer of this portrait was only advised to do so by a friend after designing many portraits and art works in the art industry. Frei, Georg and Neil Printz, editors. The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonnà ©, Volume 01, Paintings and Sculpture 1961-1963. 503 pp. New York and London: Phaidon Press, 2002. (and Volume 02, 1964-1969. 423

Comparing Terrorism Groups to TOC Groups Coursework

Comparing Terrorism Groups to TOC Groups - Coursework Example m groups and transnational organized crime groups are both illegal and unconstitutional groups that are do not attract open support from any country or state in the world. This explains the need for multiple countries to form counter terrorism units and anti crime departments to curb both menaces. The types of businesses that the two groups perform are different but convergent. The TOCs sell illicit products across the borders, and perform certain activities that render a state at ransom to commit to their demands (Carrapico, Irrera & Tupman, 2014). They deal with human trafficking, sale of narcotics, deep-sea piracy, oil smuggling, and firearm trafficking. Terrorist groups deal with insurgent attacks on innocent citizens, leadership roles in insurgent revolt against governments and capture of specific government territories. While the TOCs have their financial support from their influential leaders and coordination of similar groups, the terrorists derive funding form ethnic and religious sources, private donors, state sponsorships and charities (Carrapico, Irrera & Tupman, 2014). However, in the smuggling of weapons and human trafficking, the two groups often liaise to define the similarities of their ambitions. The terrorism groups pose more threat to security as they involve larger groups of people form one religion or ethnic alignment as opposed to the TOCs that have few members working for the benefit of wealthy individual

Leisure Dimensions Essay Example for Free

Leisure Dimensions Essay Thesis Statement: The relationship between leisure and the impacts is has on mental health, exhibits strong correlations. This subject of interest has been studied for many years and there is significant evidence to support the idea that leisure, whether it be through the use of work, play, self-care or rest (Crist, Davis Coffin, 2000) does impact positively, on ones mental health. The continued importance of leisure, as an important domain of life has been widely researched and investigated to assist in providing many concluding statements as to how individuals of today can benefit from such activities. I have focused primarily on the effects which leisure has on ones mental health, and how through the use of such leisure activities, they can restore their mental capacity and function, and partake in the same activities they used to with the same belief and confidence in themselves. The under-lying, and most essential belief in the development of occupational therapy, is maintaining the balance of work, play/leisure, self-care and rest, as these are the foundations for a healthy lifestyle Crist et al (2000). In 1977, Kielhofner termed the healthy balance of activities as â€Å"temporal adaptation†. He hypothesized that the temporal adaptation is achieved through the interrelationship among the (i) amount of time engaged in particular types of activities, (ii) participants view of the importance of the activities (iii) participants perception of competence in performing the activities and (iv) how much satisfaction they derive from their chosen activities. When studying cases of what is considered to be a healthy adaptation, the activities are assumed to provide a sense of productivity and accomplishment, which are essentially derived from the individual’s perception, Crist et al (2000). Kielhofner’s Model of Human Occupation examines how the motivation, performance and organization of occupational behaviour are exhibited in daily life. This model contains a habituation subsystem, which is made up of two components; roles and habits, which serve to maintain occupational behaviour, Crist et al (2000). According to Kielhofner (1997) habits act to organize occupational behaviour by a) regulating how time is typically used, b) influencing how one performs routines, and c) generating styles of behaviour. He goes on to explain that roles not only influence the manner and content of the interactions but also require routine tasks and dividing daily and weekly cycles into times, Crist et al (2000). The interweaving of the habits and roles in daily life consequently form routine behaviour. Opposing this, occupational dysfunction occurs when an individual has a limited capacity to choose or perform occupations. Kleiber, Larson Csikszentmihalyi (1986) observed during a study of US adults how they spend their time. It was concluded that on average, 30% of the day was spent sleeping, 10% in self-care, and 10% in instrumental activities. From those who were gainfully employed, work took up 25% of their day. The remaining 30% remains as discretionary time. While this study provides insight into occupational patterns, the perceived meaning and significance of engaging these patterns is not evident, Crist et al (2000). Crist et al (2000) stated that the work role is an occupational factor that strongly influences the balance and organization of occupational behaviour. Christiansen Baum (1997) defined work as a skill or performance in participating in socially purposeful, and productive activities, whether or not the individual receives economic compensation. These activities can take place at home, in an employment setting, school or a community. According to Kielhofner (1977), work roles, both gainful and non-gainful, create a need for the organisation of daily activities. Work activities offer the opportunity to gain a sense of satisfaction, competence and involvement and in our society; the most visible and highly valued work roles are those, which are categorized as gainful employment, Crist et al (2000). Mental health status is another factor that can influence temporal adaptation (Larson, 1990). Those individuals, who are considered to be within a healthy range regarding their mental health, are able to successfully meet the demands of their lifestyle and perform these activities. An individual, who presents a mental illness, may still be able to perform their work role, however they may display difficulty in performing a variety of tasks, which will in turn effect their competence and consequently effect the enjoyment they would usually get out of the assigned tasks, Crist et al (2000). Employment and mental health status may be related to each other when analyzing their effects on temporal adaptation; however, the types of employment and severity of the mental health problems will ultimately determine the scope of the results. Leisure benefits health by buffering people against personal stress produced by life circumstances. There are two important mediators, which determine the influence of leisure on the stress-health relationship, leisure based social support and leisure generated self-determination (Coleman and Iso-Ahola, 1993) There has been extensive evidence to suggest that stressful life circumstances induce physical and mental illness; however, this impact has been shown to be moderated by various processes including leisure participation. According to Caldwell Smith (1988), leisure is believed to have beneficial consequences for psychological well-being and health. They have also suggested that leisure activities influence health by promoting positive moods. Therefore, it can be said that leisure may help overcome loneliness and result in influencing individuals well being, (Coleman et al, 1993). Differing life events, and more so those of negative connotations such as losing a job, have been shown to lead to a higher incidence of illness such as depression (Thoits, 1983). In saying this, the social and psychological factors impacting on health is being increasingly investigated in terms of the concept of â€Å"life stress†. According to Sarason Sarason (1981), life stress can be considered a psychological state involving the cognitive appraisal of life events and of one’s inability to deal with them. An example of this is that if there was a death of an immediate family member and this could consequently cause varying levels of stress. It must however be remembered that it is due to the individuals perception of life events which have been the most vital piece of information when predicting the illness outcomes, (Coleman et al, 1993). When life problems such as the one addressed above occur, it is the natural instinct to seek support to alleviate the stress. This can occur through the use of avoidance, obtaining support and problem solving, (Coleman et al, 1993). These coping strategies are believed to moderate the impact of life problems on health in two main ways. Coleman et al, (1993) state that initially, the individual’s beliefs and dispositions may lead to an appraisal of life problems as non-threatening. And secondly, by enhancing the individuals efforts can contribute to alleviating stress that flows from these life problems before it affects health. Those who are suffering from life problems would seek help through these coping mechanisms; however, those who lives are relatively â€Å"stress free† would not benefit. In diagnostic terms this coping is referred to as an â€Å"interaction† between the life stress and the coping factor, (Coleman et al, 1993). This process can be associated with an overall effect, which is represented by â€Å"main effect† and shows that social factors do in fact influence health, regardless of the level of stress. According to Coleman et al, (1993) these coping mechanisms are therefore said to provide a buffer against severe life crises, rather than having an overall influence on health. This finding provides the conclusion that leisure impacts health by providing buffering mechanisms that come into play when life presents significant problems, (Caldwell et al, 1988). Conversely to this, the impact of leisure when life stress is low is less beneficial in the short term. However, in the long run, leisure is hypothesized to contribute to health by building health-promoting dispositions such as self-determination (Coleman et al, 1993). When analyzing the relationships between leisure participation and health, Caltabino’s study shows fascinating findings. Caltabino focused on the interactions between life stress and the participation in social, cultural and sporting activities and he concluded that they were all associated with illness symptomatology (Caldwell, 1988). From the many studies conducted surrounding the participation levels and the direct effect they have on health, it can be concluded that people participate in leisure activities to gain a sense of camaraderie which in turn leads to an ideology that they will gain social support if more severe cases of life crises should present themselves (Coleman, 1993). Furthermore, Coleman et al, (1993) states that this leisure may buffer the life stress because continual engagement in some types of leisure experiences may foster personal dispositions incorporating self-determination, including a sense of control and mastery. Caldwell (2005) addresses and interesting theory that leisure is therapeutic and contributes significantly to ones health. There is existing literature on this notion, which can further be organised into three classes of research: prevention of, coping with, and transcending negative life events. It is from here that leisure can become beneficial and help people move forward in terms of their health. Based on the work of Antonovsky (1979), the view taken here is that health is a multifaceted concept and includes not only physical well-being and psychological well-being, but also performance, self- realization and a sense of meaningfulness. When looking at the primary prevention role that leisure plays in response to one’s mental health it has been said that leisure activities may ward off poor health and behaviors before they occur (Caldwell, 2005). Ponde and Santata examined this in a study, which concluded that participation in leisure activities is a protective factor for women’s health, particularly those living in poorer conditions. In this study, the leisure activities were positively correlated with low levels of anxiety and depression among women reporting no job satisfaction and low family income (Caldwell, 2005). When looking at leisure from an occupational therapy viewpoint, this leisure promotes heath because â€Å"meaningful activity can influence social inclusiveness and encourage self-expression, therefore promoting human potential† (Passmore, 2003). From the study she completed, Passmore found that social leisure and the achievement associated with the leisure positively influenced mental health, and that mental health was most strongly predicted by leisure-related competency, self-efficacy, and self-worth (Caldwell, 2005). In addition, some work by Szabo suggests that music appreciation; watching scenery through video and humor gained through leisure, equally help by improving mood and decreasing anxiety (Caldwell, 2005). As stated by Coleman et al, (1993), the role of leisure in the stress-coping process has received considerable attention over the last decade, and Iwaksi (2001) has concluded that, â€Å"leisure can be an important buffer against stress to maintain good health†. Coleman et al, (1993), found that social support derived from leisure activity participation contributes to the reduction of stress and in doing so, promotes physical and mental health, but only for those who experience high levels of stress. Iwasaki and Mannell (2000) came up with three coping strategies; leisure palliative coping, leisure mood enhancement and leisure companionship. And more recently Iwaski (2001) compared the effects of leisure-related coping on immediate coping outcomes, mental health outcomes and psychological well being with general coping strategies (Caldwell, 2005). From his research, he found that â€Å"leisure coping, significantly predicted positive coping outcomes, mental health, and psychological well-being beyond the effects of general coping† (Caldwell, 2005). The final way in which leisure can be therapeutic is when dealing with negative life events, however this does depend on the individual and may not occur when someone has experienced a traumatic event (Caldwell, 2005). In Kleiber’s case, the participants used leisure to find new meaning to life and become reborn in a way that allows for a â€Å"fuller realization of one’s potential† (Caldwell, 2005).

Black Boy1 :: Essays Papers

Black Boy1 Frederick Douglass and Richard Wright wrote memoirs recounting their experiences with racism. Though their writing styles are completely different from one another, the subjects they discuss are similar. After reading each piece they have both made me empathize with their feelings, however different their lives are from mine. Their memoirs, My Bondage My Freedom and Black Boy, provide insightful images of the racist and cruel treatment these writers experienced. Despite all of their stylistic differences, after both excerpts I understand the passion they felt for the hatred they endured. The variation of the writers’ use of quotation marks provides insight to the degree of formality that Wright and Douglass express. Wright uses quotations frequently and exclusively in dialogue. Included within the quotes are the unjust requests, unfair news, and degrading remarks that infuriated him. â€Å"‘Hello, Ned. What’s new?’ I asked. ‘You’ve heard, haven’t you?’ he asked. ‘About what?’ ‘My brother, Bob?’ ‘No, what happened?’ Ned began to weep softly. ‘They killed him,’ he managed to say. ‘The white folks?’ I asked in a whisper, guessing. He sobbed his answer. Bob was dead; I had met him only a few times, but I felt that I had known him through his brother (p. 382).† I feel as though I can hear the words just as he did. Richard Wright’s use of quotations is effective in creating an informal tone and expressing his feelings of powerlessness. It is a very effective tool for an empathetic reaction from the reader. Douglass’ use of quotation marks is quite opposite from Wright’s. Screaming and song are only in quotes to place emphasis on the importance of the information he includes. â€Å"Let my mammy go†-â€Å"let my mammy go†, a child screams (p. 143). His economical use of quotes makes each outburst extremely powerful and passionate. This shout of terror makes it easy to feel the urgency Douglass felt. Their use of â€Å"I† also attributes to the greater understanding of their cruel experiences. Frederick Douglass rarely refers to himself with â€Å"I†. He does, however, mention incidents that had a direct effect on him. â€Å"Although my old master- Capt. Anthony- gave me at first, (as the reader will have already seen,) very little attention, and although that little was remarkably mild and gentle description, a few months only were sufficient to convince me that mildness and gentleness were not the prevailing or governing traits of his character (p.

The Science and Myth behind Phrenology Essay -- Biology Essays

The Science and Myth behind Phrenology Phrenology is a phenomenon that attempts to relate one’s personality and mental capabilities with the form and structure of one’s skull. This â€Å"science† became popular in the nineteenth century as the Eugenics movement gained widespread approval. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, the reference to Phrenology is apparent in the scene where Marlow visits the doctor. â€Å"Then with a certain eagerness [the doctor] asked me whether I would let him measure my head. Rather surprised†¦he produced a thing like calipers. ‘I [the doctor] always ask leave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there [the African jungle].’†¦He gave me a searching glance, and made another note. ‘Ever any madness in your family?’ he asked, in a matter-of-fact tome. I felt very annoyed. ‘Is that question in the interests of science, too?’† (Conrad 13). As it can be inferred, Marlow patronizes the doctor by implying that Phrenology is not a scientific practice because it cannot be used to determine the psychologcal â€Å"fitness† of an individual. Regardless, the spectacle of this practice in the late 1900s most likely gave Conrad the impetus to construct this parodied scene, which depicts Phrenology as a baseless science; however, the practice is not wholly baseless. The founder of Phrenology, Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall, determined the existence of a relationship â€Å"between the morphology of the skull and the human character† (Peter 1). Franz asserted that the brain is responsible for a human’s mental capacities. He attempted to prove this assessment by making statements—found in his chief work, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and ... ...d the movement to justify their White supremacist, Aryan revolution. â€Å"Fascist ideologies like Nazism have misused some elements of craniometry in the framework of their infamous racist doctrines† (Peter 3). As a result of this misuse of Phrenology, it lost much of the scientific respect it hand gained in Western Civilization to the emerging field of psycho-analysis, whose father, Sigmund Freud, believed that the objectivity of Phrenology was limited because of its lack of introspection. Regardless of Phrenology’s disgraced past, it can still be regarded as a well-founded science that has an objective groundwork for assessing the importance of â€Å"self-knowledge, self-achievement, education, and human relationships† (Peter 4) in human development. Works Cited Peter, Van den Bosche. Phrenology. http://134.184.33.110/phreno/intro21.html. 05 October 2002.

Dengue Fever and Mosquito Repellent Lotion

Dengue is an infection caused by a virus. You can get it if an infected mosquito bites you. It does not spread from person to person. It is a tropical disease and is commonly spread during rainy seasons. In the Philippine, dengue is reported as one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalizations. And even Adults with weak immune system are not safe with this virus. Different researches were already conducted and are still on process to find new ways on how to completely solve this dreadful virus. Some researchers are working on making a vaccine that would immune the body against it.Insect repellent on the other hand are one of the preventive measures that would decrease the risk of getting insect-bourne diseases such as malaria and dengue which are brought about by mosquitos. An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. They are commercially sold and used. Mosquito repellent may come in the form of Lotion, Oil, bar, soap, fabric conditioner, spray and the like.Some are chemically made and the others are made out of organic materials that possesses insect repellent properties like Lemon grass, orange and rosemary to name a few. They are all garden plants and most likely available in every garden settings. This study is focused on the use of Calendula officinalis or commonly known as â€Å"Marigold† and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) in the form of insect repellent lotion, specifically, against the harmful bite of the known specie of mosquito within the genus Aedes, or principally known as Aedes aegypti which are the dengue virus carrier.Why lotion? Lotion is medicated ointment which is spread on the skin(Pharmacology); cream, liquid preparation for beautifying or soothing the skin (Wikipedia English ). Lotion are widely used for cosmetics and even medicinal purposes. Someone can actually wear it throughout the day leavi ng the skin protected from different harmful factors. Skin is the only part of the body that is most vulnerable to mosquito exposure. If a mosquito repellent is applied on skin, it will discourage mosquitos and bugs from landing on it, making the person at low risk of getting the dengue virus.Statement of the Problem The main objective of this investigatory project is to produce an Insect repellent lotion, specifically, Mosquito repellent lotion made from the combination of infused Marigold and rosemary oil mixed with base lotion with the same effectiveness compare to over the counter Mosquito repellent lotion. Specifically it sought to meet the following objectives:To test the effectiveness of Marigold, Rosemary infused Mosquito repellent lotion in terms of:Mosquito repellent effectiveness.Odour †¢Moisturizing effect.Lasting effect ( including the number of mosquito bite after application).Texture on the skin Significance of the studyThere is nothing we can do to stop mosquito from sucking onto their prey. This is their only way of survival. They carry insect Bourne diseases like malaria and dengue virus which are very dangerous once they have passed it to human body. Dengue Symptoms include a high fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. In some cases, dengue turns into dengue haemorrhagic fever, which causes bleeding from your nose, gums, or under your skin.It can also become dengue shock syndrome, which causes massive bleeding and shock. These forms of dengue are life-threatening. There is no specific treatment. Most people with dengue recover within 2 weeks. Until then, drinking lots of fluids, resting and taking non-aspirin fever-reducing medicines might help. People with the more severe forms of dengue usually need to go to the hospital and get fluids. In our country, everyone is familiar with this kind of disease. Most of its victims are children from schools or houses from rural to urban places being exposed to mosquito carr ying dengue.It has already taken many lives which might have been prevented if most people were properly oriented bout mosquitos’ behaviour and on how they could destroy and eliminate them for the safety of everyone. There are lots of preventive measures which are effective and safe like using mosquito repellen lotion that makes mosquitoes repel on your skin taking you out from the high risk of dengue infection. The feasibility of plant material specifically â€Å"marigold† and â€Å"rosemary† as an effective Mosquito repellent lotion is safe, easy to prepare, timely and economically.Scope and LimitationThis study is particular with the use and effects of Marigold and Rosemary which are readily available in the community or any part of the country because they are widely use as farm plants or companion plants for growing crops. The investigatory project was done at Pampanga Agricultural College. Tests, experimentations and discussions were under the supervision of PROF. REGINA D. LORIA. Questionnaires were used and answered to get the survey of the effectiveness of the study. Review of Related Literature Extracts from In a Nutshell ‘Marigold' by Jill Rosemary DaviesA popular garden plant, Marigold has been valued for many centuries for its' exceptional healing powers and is particularly remarkable in the treatment of wounds. When used for medicinal purposes, it is commonly referred to as ‘Calendula'. In appearance, Marigold looks like a large yellow or orange coloured daisy, each floret being about ?† (1. 25cm) long. A hardy annual, the plant produces its' bright flowers throughout the summer and the flower heads may grow up to 3†³ (7cm) in diameter. Marigolds' simple fruits are closely curled in the middle of the flower head, almost in the form of a ring.Hence in Germany, its' common name is ringelblume, meaning ringed flower. The plant grows to a height of approximately 20-28†³ (50-70cm). The stem is erect and branched, bearing alternate, light green, lance-shaped leaves and both stem and leaves are covered with fine hair. Marigold is described by some as without a marked scent, but others find its' odour rather heavy, while its' taste is bitter. Calendula officinalis, the botanical name, originates from the Latin word calends (which comes from calare, to call). A History of HealingMarigold has a long history of medicinal use, stretching back to the Roman's and the ancient Greeks, who drank Marigold tea to relieve nervous tension and sleeplessness. It has also been used in cooking, dying cloth and skin care and was a well-known symbol of good luck. Ancient Uses and Folklore Originally a native plant of ancient Egypt, and first introduced into Britain by the Romans, Marigold is one of the earliest cultivated flowers. It was also known to the ancient Greeks, who used it's petals for decoration, to colour foods and cosmetics and as a material dye, in addition to its medicinal uses.An infusi on of the herb was drunk to alleviate the symptoms of nervous tension and to prevent sleepless nights. Marigold has been cultivated in European gardens since about the 12th century. By the 14th century, the plant had become endowed with almost magical powers. A medieval author called Macer, who described Marigold in his Herbal, thought that merely to look at it would improve eyesight and draw out evil ‘humours' from the head:How Marigold can help:Ideal of healing cuts, scrapes, lacerations, surgical wounds and scars, small infected wounds, animal bites and scratches.Useful for skin conditions such as acne, shingles, chickenpox, dermatitis, eczema sores, impetigo spots and other systemic fungal, bacterial and viral conditions.An effective aid to healing minor first degree burns, such as sunburn.Helps to soothe bee, wasp and insect stings.An aid to healing cold sores.An antiseptic remedy for mouth and throat infections.Soothes toothache.Has a wide number of uses in childbirth, i ncluding the healing of episiotomies. Relieves sore nipples in nursing mothers.Ideal for complaints such as candida, leucorrhea and trichomoniasis.A safe remedy for babies' complaints, such as diaper rash or an inflamed navel or penis. †¢Antiseptic action helps speed children's recovery from mumps and measles. †¢A useful remedy for bruises.An excellent treatment for varicose veins and ulcers. (http://www. herbs-hands-healing. co. uk/books/online-books/in-a-nutshell-marigold-calendula-officinalis) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. ) is a common dense, evergreen, aromatic shrub grown in many parts of the world. Historically, rosemary has been used as a medicinal agent to treat renal colic and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).It has also been used to relieve symptoms caused by respiratory disorders and to stimulate the growth of hair. Traditionally, rosemary has been used for improving memory, and has been a symbol of remembrance and friendship for centuries. In Moroc co, rosemary has been used to treat diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure). The most researched constituents of rosemary are caffeic acid and its derivative rosmarinic acid. These compounds are thought to have antioxidant effects and are being studied as potential therapies for cancer, hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity), and inflammatory conditions.Currently, available studies show some promise for rosemary in the treatment of anxiety/stress (aromatherapy) and alopecia (hair loss). Current cosmetic uses of rosemary include treating cellulite and wrinkles, and normalizing excessive oil secretion of the skin. Germany's Commission E has approved rosemary leaf for treatment of dyspepsia and rosemary oil (used externally) for joint pain and poor circulation. Evidence These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven.Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. Alope cia areata (hair loss): Rosemary oil is reported to increase circulation and possibly promote hair growth in patients with alopecia areata. Additional study is warranted to confirm these findings. Anxiety/stress: Rosemary extract is frequently used in aromatherapy for treatment of a variety of conditions, including anxiety, mood enhancement, alteration of pain perception, and to increase alertness.Early study has shown benefit in reducing stress levels and increasing alertness. More study is needed to draw a firm recommendation. Tradition The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.Abortifacient, air purifier, analgesic (pain reliever), anthelmintic (expels worms), antia ging, antibacterial, anticoagulant (blood-thinning), antifungal, antioxidant, antispasmodic, appetite stimulation, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), baldness, bronchial asthma, cancer prevention, cataracts, colic, dandruff, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), diuretic, drug withdrawal (morphine), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), dyspepsia (upset stomach), gout, hepatoprotection (liver protection), HIV infection, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hyperglycemia, hypertension (high blood pressure), immunostimulation, inflammation, ischemic heart disease, joint pain, lice, liver cirrhosis, memory enhancement, muscle relaxant (smooth muscle), nerve regeneration, osteoporosis, paralysis, peptic ulcer disease, peripheral vascular disease, photoprotection, poor circulation, preservative, quality of life, renal colic, respiratory disorders, rheumatism, skin care (cosmetic), skin conditions (excessive oil secretion of the skin, cellulite), sperm motility, tonic, wound heali ng, wrinkle preventionCatnip, marigolds, and rosemary are other popular and familiar mosquito repellent plants. These herbs are scented with oils that mosquitoes and other bugs find unattractive. The insects avoid the plants, which hopefully translates to a reduced mosquito population in the immediate area. Catnip is a perennial herb that will come back year after year, while marigolds are annual and must be planted fresh each spring. Rosemary is a tropical plant, and it must be brought indoors during the cooler weather. The mosquito plant was designed by a Dutch botanist, who combined the mosquito repellent properties of citronella with a geranium.The result was a compact, easy to grow indoor/outdoor plant that smells of citronella, yet is ideal for the home garden. The mosquito plant requires full sun and well-drained soil. Like rosemary, it must be brought indoors during the winter, as it cannot tolerate frost and low temperatures. In addition to providing a barrier outdoors in t he garden or patio, mosquito repellent plants can also be turned into a natural bug spray. An individual can pick the leaves, flowers, and stems of the plants and crush them to release the oils. The foliage can then be mixed with alcohol, body oil, or rice vinegar, and applied to the skin. (Piontek A. 2013 What Are the Different Types of Mosquito Repellent Plants?Definition of Terms 1. Marigold-Any of about 30 species of annual herbaceous plants that make up the genus Tagetes in the composite family, native to southwestern North America. -The name also refers to the pot marigold (calendula) and unrelated plants of several families. Marigolds include popular garden ornamentals such as African marigold (T. erecta) and French marigold (T. patula), which have solitary or clustered red, orange, and yellow flowers and usually finely cut leaves. Because the strongly scented leaves discourage insect pests, marigolds are often planted among vegetable crops. 2.Rosemary-Small perennial evergre en shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) of the mint family whose leaves are used to flavour a wide variety of food. -The bush grows 3–7. 5 ft (1–2. 3 m) tall and has short linear leaves that resemble curved pine needles, dark green and shiny above, white beneath. Bluish flowers grow in small clusters. Bees are particularly fond of rosemary. In ancient times rosemary was believed to strengthen memory; in literature and folklore it is an emblem of remembrance and fidelity. Native to the Mediterranean, it has been naturalized throughout Europe and temperate America.  © 2007 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. 3. Virus-Microscopic, simple infectious agent that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria.Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and consist of a single-or double-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid; some viruses also have an outer envelope composed of lipids and proteins. They vary in shape. The two main classes are RNA viruses (see retrovirus) and DNA viruses. Outside of a living cell, a virus is an inactive particle, but within an appropriate host cell it becomes active, capable of taking over the cell's metabolic machinery for the production of new virus particles (virions). Some animal viruses produce latent infections, in which the virus persists in a quiet state, becoming periodically active in acute episodes, as in the case of the herpes simplex virus.An animal can respond to a viral infection in various ways, including fever, secretion of interferon, and attack by the immune system. Many human diseases, including influenza, the common cold, and AIDS, as well as many economically important plant and animal diseases, are caused by viruses. Successful vaccines have been developed to combat such viral diseases as measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, smallpox, and rubella. Drug therapy is generally not useful in controlling established viral infections, since drugs that inhibit viral d evelopment also inhibit the functions of the host cell. See also adenovirus; arbovirus; bacteriophage; picornavirus; plant virus; poxvirus.Dengue-or breakbone fever or dandy feverInfectious, disabling mosquito-borne fever. Other symptoms include extreme joint pain and stiffness, intense pain behind the eyes, a return of fever after brief pause, and a characteristic rash. Dengue is caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, usually A. aegypti, which also carries yellow fever. There are four strains of virus; infection with one type does not confer immunity to the remaining three. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Patients should be isolated during the first three days, when mosquitoes can pick up the disease from them. Prevention relies on mosquito control.Malaria-A serious relapsing infection caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium (see plasmodium), transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Known since before the 5th century BC, it occurs in tropi cal and subtropical regions near swamps. The roles of the mosquito and the parasite were proved in the early 20th century. Annual cases worldwide are estimated at 250 million and deaths at 2 million. Malaria from different Plasmodium species differs in severity, mortality, and geographic distribution. The parasites have an extremely complex life cycle; in one stage they develop synchronously inside red blood cells. Their mass fissions at 48-or 72-hour intervals cause attacks lasting 4–10 hours.Shaking and chills are followed by fever of up to 105  °F (40.  6  °C), with severe headache and then profuse sweating as temperature returns to normal. Patients often have anemia, spleen enlargement, and general weakness. Complications can be fatal. Malaria is diagnosed by detecting the parasites in blood. Quinine was long used to alleviate the fevers. Synthetic drugs, such as chloroquine, destroy the parasites in blood cells, but many strains are now resistant. Carriers of a gen e for a hemoglobinopathy have natural resistance. Malaria prevention requires preventing mosquito bites: eliminating mosquito breeding places and using insecticides or natural predators, window screens, netting, and insect repellent. See also protozoal disease.Mosquito-two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals(hypernym) dipterous insect, two-winged insects, dipteran, dipteron(hyponym) gnat(member-holonym) Culicidae, family Culicidae © 2007 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. 7. Lotion-medicated ointment which is spread on the skin (Pharmacology); cream, liquid preparation for beautifying or soothing the skin Wikipedia English – The Free Encyclopedia. Methodology Collection of Plant Materials Sample plant materials were gathered at Alternative Low Input agricultural System(ALIAS) at Pampanga Agricultural College, Magalang Pampanga.Quality leaves of Marigold and Rosemary were cut from the area to be used for the making of Mosquito repellent. Plant samples were thoroughly washed with distilled water and air dried. Preparation of the Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion 20 grams of air dried Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) and 20 grams of air dried Marigold leaves (Calendula officinalis) were separately diffused using two beakers each containing 100 ml of Mineral oil (one of the processes of extracting Essential oils from plants, known as Oil Diffusion Method. ) with the use of heat source, so as to my experiment I used oil lamp and tripod. Oil solutions obtain from both processes were filtered using filter paper and left alone to cool.To make the obtained oils from the extraction a material that can be used for the application for skin, I used base lotion that would carry out the active components of marigold and rosemary extracts with it, making it a mosquito repellent Lotion. Base lotions are sold on the market. Commercial fragrance free lotions are also possible to be used as base lotion. Extracted oils from the sample plants were gently and slowly added with continuous stirring to a 600 ml Base lotion. After the extracted essential oils and base lotion were completely mixed, they were put to clean containers and were labelled as â€Å" Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion† Determination of its Effectiveness.To determine the effectiveness of the Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion, volunteers were asked to test the product . Five to ten (5-10) respondents, each will be given Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion that they will use for its purpose and a table/questionnaire to be answered by the respondents concerning about the effectiveness of it. The questionnaire comprised the questions pertaining to its; odour; lasting power or time of reapplications; mosquito repellent effects and other relative observations which are not related to its main purpose; its texture as applied to skin; and personal comments. All results and answer will be treated fairly and will be accepted as part of the general result and experiment.Analysis and observation of data will be the main priority. Results and Discussion 1-Very not satisfied/effective2- Not Satisfied/effective3- Satisfied/effective4- Very Satisfied/effective By average: 1-Very not satisfied/effective2- Not Satisfied/effective3- Satisfied/effective4- Very Satisfied/effective The data gathered shows that by average Rosemary-Marigold mosquito repellent Lotion obtained a satisfactory rate with regards to its overall effectiveness. Nine respondents tested the products and by analysing the data- its odor, lasting effect, mosquito repellent effect and Texture to the skin got mean average of ;2. 57, 3. 28, 3. 20 and 3. 11 respectively.Conclusion and RecommendationFrom the light of the findings, data proved that the infusion of Rosemary and Marigold oil to be used as lotion is effective as mosquito repellent. From the overall average it got a satisfactory rate as t o its effectiveness. The statements above are the bases of recommending the following suggestions: 1. Other plants that display the same characteristics of Marigold and Rosemary might also be tested. 2. A comparative test shall be used to distinguish its effects from the commercial products, 3. Laboratory test shall be conducted to accurately determine its potentials. 4. Propagation of marigold and Rosemary shall be considered.