India of My Dreams

Essay 4 You Get All type of Essays for you. School or college no problem all types of essays are available here. * Home * Main Site * Categories * About us The India of My Dreams School Essay, The India of My Dreams Key Words and Phrases: – past, great, today, evils, free, food, clothes, houses, education, jobs. – rich and strong, suffering from, India of my dreams, clean and healthy, free and happy, peaceful and united, to flow with milk and honey. India was very great in the past. She was rich and strong. She has given to the world great saints, scholars, thinkers, artists and soldiers. Today her people are suffering from many evils. Among these evils are poverty, ignorance, disease, bribery, corruption, indiscipline and disunity. The India of my dreams will be free from these evils. Her people will have good food to eat. They will have fine clothes to wear. They will have nice houses to live in. They will have proper education. They will be clean and healthy. They will be free and happy. There will be jobs for all. There will be no strikes and ‘morchas’. The people will be peaceful and united. India will flow with milk and honey. all of us want India to become a respectable super power in the world. India ha a rich past. it was because of its riches, that it was invaded innumerable times and its wealth was plundered. The British rulers exploited the country. At the time of independence, the country was in turmoil, its economy had been shuttered and there was unrest all around. In sixty years since independence, the country has made tremendous progress. However, it is still for behind the developed counties of the world. India of my dreams is a peaceful, progressive, literate country free from the pangs of poverty, where every citizen feels safe and secure, where health facilities are provided top all and where the women of the country are treated with utmost dignity and respect. India, is proud of its rich past. It was because of tis riches that it was invaded innumerable times and that its wealth was plundered. The Britishers ruled India for almost two centuries and exploited the country economically. At the time of independence (August 15, 1947) the economy of the country was shattered and there was social unrest all round. However it was time for India to write its own history. A lot of progress has been made on various fronts. There have been short comings in our planning as well as its implementation. However when we notice other counties, who also achieved independence around the same time, we feel we are much better placed. Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It provides employment to over 60 percent of the country's work force and it accounts for over quarter of India's gross domestic product. It also contributes substantially to export trade. However except for some pockets of development, agriculture scene in rest of the country is dismal. The farming community is generally under debt. A large number of farmers in recent years have committed suicide because of mounting economic difficulties. Industrial development plays a significant role in the growth process of the under developed counties. It helps in raising income levels and in absorbing rural surplus labour. It is believed that prior to 19th century India was a great manufacturing country. However at the time of independence the industry was in bad shape. Industrial development stared with the second five year plan. It has passed thought different phases. Many bottlenecks and red tapism came in the way of rapid development of industry. Some of the areas of concern have been addressed in the post liberation ear. The new industrial policy of July 1991 is market is needed for the growth of industry. India maintained a favorable policy towards foreign direct investment till 1967. Some preconditions and regulations were imposed from 1968 onwards. Realizing that these conditions were hampering India's industrial progress, the relaxations were made. With the economic liberalization from July 1991 onwards foreign direct investment has been encouraged and it has been allowed in many sectors. India has made its mark in ‘Service Sector'. It has emerged as an important Business Process Outsourcing (BPOs and Call centers) destinations. India fortunately has a large number of well qualified English speaking population, which is needed in this kind of enterprise. India's population as per 1951 census was 36 crore. In 50 year i. e. as per 2001 census the country's population on March 31, 2001 rose to 102. 7 crores. Such rapid growth of population places a huge burden on our limited resources and limited land area. India's literacy rare as per 1951 census was less than 20 percent. In over fifty seven years it has increased to about 65 percent, which clearly indicates that even today about 35 percent of the population over 350 million people in our country are still illiterate. It is truly a sad reflection of the sate of literacy in our country. India has made rapid strides in many spheres. the economic condition of the people is better today than it was at the time of independence. We have made tremendous progress in science and technology. Our infrastructure is far better. A large number of universities, colleges and schools have been set up. Industrialization has taken place. Better health care is now available especially in urban areas. Average life span has increased. Infant mortality rate has come down. Better employment opportunities are available to the youth of the country. Means of transpiration and communication have undergone a sea change. Print and Electronic media has played a key role in creating awareness and bringing people closer. Improvement is noticeable even in provision of sports facilities. India is the third English book producing country after USA and UK. Indo-English literature is now well-developed and internationally recognized. It is able to capture many international awards like Booker price. Pulizter prize etc. Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa Lahiri, Anita Desai, Arvind Adiga etc. are some of the important names in this field. Despite all this progress which is commendable, a lot needs to be done to improve the living conditions of agricultural and industrial labor and the people working in unorganized sectors. Steps should be taken to stop crime and violence. The misguided youth of some troubled states needs to brought in the main stream. Communalism, regionalism and fundamentalism need to be curbed with a strong hand. Condition of women folk needs drastic improvement. Women empowerment is the demand of a civilized society. Equal opportunities need to be given to the girl child for education and career development. Illiteracy and poverty need to be rooted out. Self-sufficiency ought to be achieved in all spheres. Dependence on other counties should be a thing of the past. India of my drams is a country where nobody is illiterate and nobody sleeps hungry, where there is no distinction on the basis of genre, religion or caste, where justice to a common man is neither denied or deleted, where orruption in public life does not exist, where criminals can not occupy and ministerial berths nor enter legislative assemblies, where merit counts in every sphere of life, where jobs cannot be purchased, where rapists have to spend the rest of their lives behind the bars, where the intellectuals like Amartya Sen and Har Govind Khurana do not have to leave the country's shore for higher research and recognition w here the Shabad Kirtan from Gurudwaras, and Azan from Mosques, the Bhajans from Temples and chiming of the bells from churches merge and mingle and produce a harmonious, melodious, spiritual tune, loved by on MY INDIA MY DREAM ? JANA GANA MANA ADHI NAYAKA JAYAHE BHARATHA BHAGYA VIDHATHA? Yes, India? s pride never ends. It s a holy peninsular land. The great Himalayas act as strong barrier of the country. Thus India is a prestigious country. As a citizen of this beloved land I feel proud to dream about my country. I? m looking forward for a comfortable and settled life of Indians within a few years. ?JAHAN DAL DAL PAR SONE KI CHIDIYA KARTI HAIN BASERA, OH BHARAT DESH HAIN MERA? -Rajinder Krishna. Yes, that is the India of my dreams and I wish to translate these dreams into reality. What is required is our strife and struggle to annihilate the evils prevailing in our society in order to reach our goal. These evils have been inherited by a few of our own people from the British much before they left India for good, enough to award miseries, pain and insults to the masses, who continue to suffer for centuries. This is the land where ? ahimsa? was born. Even though India is a very great country with very old culture and tradition, she had not been playing a very important role in the world as she could never become independent in the real sense. But now the entire perfectionism of India has recognized. I would, therefore, like to see, in the first place, that each and every citizen, in my India, should possess a national character, which is absolutely essential to keep the banner of the country up. An erudite person should have respect for both literate and illiterate alike and the ? haves? really help the ? have-nots?. Next, India should be a place where the virulent notion of division, fragmentation or destruction through regional-national conflicts is considered an opprobrium of high degree ;the atmosphere paradisiacal with all its wonders up-to-date and the survival of its denizens , irrespective of all discriminations, absolutely necessary. Where the boundary of different states gradually ceases to exist or become truly artificial, making the national boundary healthier and stronger. Where creation of ? Gulistans? is substituted for ? Khalistans?. Today? s political ethos exhibits a very unhealthy trend. Wrong people with wrong motives are entering politics. I would like to see an India where politicians cannot inflame the spark of communal violence and riots or bamboozle voters with their duplex speeches. Every religion has impregnated its ambition with a particular shape and a specified bliss. Every religion teaches people how to love one another; we have used it to hate one another! In my India, I wouldn? t wish to see that one butchers neighbors in the name of religion and demolishes their religious places of worship. It would be a place where mere recitation of holy scripts and consecrated laws during worship would never reflect one? godliness, unless put into practice. Terrorism and militancy are raising their ugly head more than ever before. Harijans, the lowest and the most oppressed caste in India, have been successful in launching a nation- wide movement. I would love to see the people of my country free from all types of grievances, oppressions and demands. No one would ha ve to hang his head in shame. There would not be a single Indian who would not be proud of his country. While the India of my dreams would maintain amicable relations with neighboring countries, her foreign policy would be the best in the world. Even after 45 years of independence, she is still plagued by poverty, unemployment and foreign exchange trade deficit. I would, therefore, like to see India as a place where inflation and demonetization do not kill the consumers? ability to purchase. Where jobs are not deprived to even the poorest of the poor and everybody is satisfied. A healthy economy is the life-blood of a country. We would serve as a model of just such a vibrant economy- nurtured by an imaginative , innovative, liberal trade policy. The largest single source of foreign exchange for our country is tourism. I would wish this trend to continue. I would wish, in some years, India would be having the most creative entrepreneurs, the most dynamic business leaders and the sharpest financial brains. Nature has been kind to India by endowing her with the gift of abundant natural resources. Thus, in my India, there would be optimum exploitation of her resources. The machine- made articles of the world would be unable to compete with the handicrafts of our India of my dreams. Exports would be at their zenith; imports at their nadir. The quality of life cannot improve in India as long as the population keeps on ncreasing at the present alarming rate. Therefore, in my dream about India, people would be much rational and they would themselves, open-heartedly, check the population growth simply by having a child or two. Everywhere, everything would be in plenty for all. As on date, India? s is the fourth largest army, the fifth largest air force and the seventh largest navy in the world. A Pentagon report says that India is now the largest power in South Asia. I would wish to see her being ranked first in the world in all these categories and also regarded as the ? Mecca of scientific inventions and discoveries?. Also, I fantasy India as a place where cultures and civilizations are at their peak. Where child labor is unheard of and children not intentionally crippled and made to beg for personal gains of others. Where leprosy patients are not required to ask passers-by for help but provided with everything by the Government. Where men think it a sin to ask for dowry and women are treated at par with them and not harassed or burnt by in-laws. Where colleges and universities are not turned into political dense. Where the people think it ? better to spin with Penelope than dance with Helen?. Where her men and women are so perfect in all respects that they are imitated proudly by their counterparts in the rest of the world. May my India look like a fairyland to the children so that they are and all. A classes and casteless India, a country which all Indians can be truly proud of. > happy and able to weave the fabric of perfect loveliness and pulchritude. Progress is a purposive change. It can be either scientific or moral. India had tremendous progress since independence. But there are some more stages which India must cross to achieve complete progress. I wish my dreams of those progress would change India? s fate. ?HUM HONGE KAMYAB EK DIN? — Keeping this motto in mind, let us, therefore, cry to eradicate all the evils of our society and acquire the requisite culture, discipline, attitude and habit of tolerance, goodwill and mutual respect, so that everyone of us one day, will have so clean a heart and so pure a mind that he will have a glimpse of a novel dawn, and the first of the sun, that day, will be truly golden, enough to fulfill my dreams I LOVE MY INDIA use this poem -Where The Mind is Without Fear Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow? domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action– Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake. — Rabindranath Tagorerays Economic inequalities or poverty that is the root cause of several social tensions and breakdown of law and order is a thing of the past with no one being forced to suffer the pangs of hunger; every citizen is a literate adopting the norms of a small family as a way of life and contributing to the zero-growth of population; all the people lead a healthy life with epidemics being confined to the pages of history and diseases resulting from under nutrition driven out of the country; food production is enough to take care of the needs of the country’s population and is exported to other countries where food production is not adequate to feed the people; the rural areas compete with urban areas in development and reduce the migration of rural poor from the villages to the cities; there is no shortage of electricity and other energy sources to keep the wheels of progress and development going; all the people have their own homes and do not feel insecure in rented houses; child labo ur is eliminated with all the children attending schools and enjoying the joy of childhood; the workers are not exploited by unscrupulous managements and are paid fair wages; legal cases are disposed off quickly and justice is speeded up; our industries compete with the multination’s and give them a run for their money in the other countries; infrastructure is adequately developed to facilitate more investments in industries; domestic satellite television channels are attractive enough to wean the people away from the foreign television channels; pollution is effectively checked with industries switching over to clean or environmental-friendly technologies and vehicles checking their emissions; computers play a complementary role in common man’s daily activities by being an integral part of all the homes; sportsmen excel in all the international sports meets and games; religion enforces discip0line and promotes communal harmony; we become a superpower and a member of t he Security Council and are not browbeaten by any other superpower with threats of economic sanctions; and the citizens really feel proud of being Indian.

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HR management journal summary and analysis Research Paper

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Aspirin - Coursework Example ration, a standard titration and a colourimetry experiment will be undertaken to determine the amount of acetylsalicylic acid in each of three commercially available aspirin brands (as well as acetylsalicylic acid created in the laboratory – see below). Back titration involves using phenolphthalein as an indicator, as well as the principles of the pH scale to determine how much of the acid is present by using known quantities of a basic solution (in this case NaOH). Colorimetry involves the use of iron (III) chloride, a strongly coloured compound, to determine how much of the acetylsalicylic acid is available by using a previously calibrated scale of light reflection and colour density. 2) (AS) Which purification method is the most appropriate and accurate? To answer this aim, we need to compare the three methods outlined above, colourimetry, standard titration and back titration. We can do this by seeing which produces the most consistent results by adding the results to a ch art and measuring the standard deviation of the results given. 3) (AS) Which type of titration (back or forward) is the most appropriate in this situation? There are two types of titration that can be used in this experiment. Back titration relies on the use of an excess of alkali and reacting this excess with acid to determine the concentration. Forward titration relies on the acid + base = salt + water principle. We can see which one works faster and gives standardised results. 4) (AS) Which type of acid (monoprotic or diprotic or triprotic) is the most effective in the purification process? A monoprotic acid is one that can donate one proton per molecule during the dissociation process; a diprotic can donate two and a triprotic can donate three. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is an example of a... There are certain chemically proven ways to show the purity of aspirin, or the % yield of salicylic acid in these tablets. The first aim here suggests that it is important to test the effectiveness of several different methods, and this means completing at least two different types of test on the commercially available aspirin. One of the most widely used ways of testing the purity of aspirin is known as back titration. This involves destroying the aspirin using a known concentration of an alkali. This leaves a certain quantity of the alkali remaining, and back titration then involves using a known quantity and concentration of an acid to help determine the amount of alkali remaining. Colorimetry is a widely used way of testing chemicals based on the principal of light reflection. In this case, the equipment is available in the laboratory. We need to use more than one different method to answer aim two. Chemically, it is always important to do a number of tests. In this case, part of the method suggests that each type of aspirin be tested three times; this will help give us a mean that is a more accurate result than the use of simply one test which could be false. Another important thing in chemistry is comparison, and this is why the methods here suggest using at least three different brands of commercially available aspirin to show how much salicylic acid is found in these tablets. Repeating the experiment will also give a more accurate rate of reaction, which will help to answer some of the aims above.

Apple Marketing Strategy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Apple Marketing Strategy analysis - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Apple red as giant in the consumer electronics market and its products are considered as one of the most successful and hot selling items. From a mediocre organization to the best firm in the industry, Apple has made tremendous progress in terms of product innovation and service delivery. It started as a computer manufacturing and selling firm however, it has now transformed itself into a consumer electronics manufacturing firm with product range as wide as TVs, MP3 Players, Smartphones and Tablet Computers. Apple started as Apple Computers Inc during 1977 however, Apple rolled out its first personal computer during 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started the company with an aim to manufacture and sell personal computers. As a result of this effort, Apple-1 was introduced during 1976 and Apple afterward continued to build upon its technical superiority and was able to expand its overall range of products. Over the period of time, Apple rem ained under the control of different CEOs however; its glory and success came under the leadership of Steve Jobs – the co-founder of the company who was also later on removed from this position during 1990s. One of the key reasons for the success of Apple as a firm was the leadership style and approach adapted by Steve Jobs. It is argued that Steve Jobs broke almost every principle of leadership and cultivated a new and unique style which allowed Apple to dominate different markets at the same time. Considered by many as dictator and tyrannical, it was the unique vision and micromanagement ability of Steve Jobs which contributed mostly towards the success of the firm (Emerald Group Publishing Limited). It was because of this leadership style of Steve Jobs that the overall culture of Apple evolved as a culture with strong accountability and very clear and swift communication from the top. Most of the decisions were centralized and revolved around Steve Jobs owing to his person al genius and detailed oriented leadership style. Much of the Apple’s culture as well as corporate success was dependent upon the innovative genius of Steve Jobs, his ability to manage everything on his own and enforcement of a strict corporate culture with very little tolerance for dissent and low performance. (Allen) The Mission Statement â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad.†1 The above Mission Statement of the firm suggests that Apple has been able to dominate four different market niches in consumer electronics industry i.e. personal computers, digital music, mobile phones and mobile media and computing. Though the mission statement seems vagu e but it clearly outlines the current ambitions of Apple and its will to dominate different markets at the same time. Exceptional factors contributing to the success of firm One of the key factors behind the success of Apple was the leadership of Steve Jobs under whose visionary presence; firm was able to transform itself into a giant in consumer electronics industry. Steve Jobs expanded the overall vision for the firm and included other product ranges coupled with effective market strategies which allowed Apple to become number 1 firm in the industry. The leadership and corporate culture of firm helped Apple to enforce strict accountability and create further room for creativity and innovation. Such approach therefore resulted into the development and marketing of products which became hot selling due to their innovativeness and ease of use for end users. Apart from this, Apple’s products are considered as of highest quality and durability along with their ability to offer a complete experience to customers. Apple started its music

Marketing and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Starbucks Essay 1.0 Introduction: The Starbucks Corporation was founded by three entrepreneurs at the place called Seattle in 1971. Initially they were selling of whole bean coffee in one Seattle store and by the year 1982 the business had grown tremendously and has opened five stores selling the coffee beans, a roasting facility, and a wholesale business for local restaurants. When the Starbucks started its business it was only a small retail coffee shop as like the other coffee shops. The main vision of the Starbucks owners was to educate customers about the fine coffees and feel the smell of the Dark roasted coffee, selling just the coffee was not their aim as the coffee was sold in the USA since 1960s (Starbucks case study). Howard Schultz was recruited as the manager of retail and marketing and it was Howard who brought new ideas to the owners, but he was turned down. Schultz in turn opened his own coffee bar was named Il Giornale in 1986 based on Italian coffee cafes, selling brewed Starbucks coffee. By 1987, Schultz had expanded to three coffee bars and bought Starbucks from the original owners for $4 million and changed the name of his coffee bars from Il Giornale to Starbucks. His intention for the company was to grow slowly with a very solid foundation. For the first two years, Starbucks losses doubled as overhead and operating expenses increased with Starbucks expansion. Schultz stood his ground and did not sacrifice long term integrity and values for short-term profit. By 1991, Starbucks sales increased by 84% and the company were out of debt. Starbucks grew to 20 stores by 1988. By 1996 it grew to 870 stores with plans to open 2000 stores by the year 2000. 2.0 Marketing stategyof Starbuks: Marketing strategy is carrying out segmentation, targeting and positioning. Doing the detailed understanding of the marketplace into strategic decisions and the targeting of appropriate customer groups. This targeting should emphasise on any differential advantages and adopt a suitable positioning within the target segments (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). Starbucks has adopted a Differentiation strategy it is a strategy which seeks to provide product or service that offer benefits and should be different from competitors that are widely valued by customers. The aim this strategy is to achieve advantage by offering better products or services at same or higher price. When Starbucks was launched there were many coffee bars in the United States at that time but Starbucks wanted to stand unique from the others. Marketing has powerful potential to contribute to the highly important aspects of the organisational competitiveness, namely innovation (Kerin, 1992) and competitive analysis (Varadarajan, 1992) and Schulz wanted to innovate and recreate the experience of the Italian coffee bar culture. Starbucks mainly focused on the strategy of new products, a stronger connection with the customers as the Third place and expanding store locations in the United States and abroad. Starbucks has followed the simple STP process (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning). 2.1 Segmentation: Market Segmentation is a process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with different needs, characteristics, or behaviour that might require separate products or marketing programs is called Market Segmentation (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Initially Starbucks was based as a Socio-Economic segmentation base in consumer Markets as it has concentrated on social class particularly the business class people those who are working at the office and wanted to have a cup of coffee with a good atmosphere and facilities. Starbucks also had segmented his market by geographic and demographically by selecting the store location where they can find the educated and coffee lovers (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). 2.2Targeting: After a company has defined market segments, it can enter one or many segments of a given market and should make decision about how many and which customer groups to target (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). Target Marketing is a process of evaluating each market segments attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). The concept of target marketing is a logical implication of the basic philosophy of marketing (Lancaster and Massingham, 1993). A company should target segments in which it can profitably generate the greatest customer value and sustain it overtime. Starbucks wanted to develop a reputable relationship with the customers, Most of companies enter in a new market y serving a single segment, and if this proves successful than they add more segments, initially Starbucks did the same thing targeted the parents with the young children and it was hit concept and it has added more segments by including Teenagers and developed its product range also (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). 2.3 Positioning: Once the company has decided which market segments to enter it should decide what positions it wants to occupy in those segments. Market Positioning is arranging for a product to occupy clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target customers. A products position is the place that the product occupies relative to competitors in consumers minds. Here in this case the Starbucks has developed a unique market position for their products because if a product is to be exactly same like the others on the market than consumers would have no reason to buy it. Starbucks has positioned themselves in the market as a highly reputed brand (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). In this case Starbucks has planned his positioning in such a way that it distinguish their products from competing brands and give them the greatest strategic advantage in their target markets. Starbucks has a descriptively simple statement to inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a time. Starbucks positioning strategy was customer base so that it can give the best service more than what the customers expect. Starbucks has gained a competitive advantage over customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction as Starbucks had developed its positioning strategy based on the customer and provided the utmost facility in terms of layout, furniture to the music, and in terms of employee satisfaction Starbucks make employee as a partners and gave them a personal security with a freedom to participate in the every decision of the business and make it successful (Porter Miller, 1985, Porter, 1998). 3.0 Developing Marketing Mix: One of the major concepts in the modern marketing is once the company has decided its overall marketing strategy than it should plan the details of the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools (product, price, place, and promotion) that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Starbucks has a made good decisions on marketing mix tools 3.1 Product: Product means the goods and services combination the company offers to the target market. Starbucks has used Brand name, Quality, Variety and Services as their Product tool which can be concluded by this statement, Starbucks with a good Brand name provides best Quality and with the Variety of Products, it has adopted Quality improvement strategy (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Initially Starbucks started with the coffee than it has included non-fat milk, cold blended beverages. Later on stated seasonal offerings such as strawberry and cream Frappuccino, gingerbread latte with some food items like cookies and pastries. Before launching the products Starbucks was getting the approval of the customers. 3.2 Price: Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. Though the Price of the Starbucks was higher than the other coffee shops, the customers were ready to pay the amount because Starbucks has developed a luxurious image with all the facilities inside the store. Starbucks as a good Brand have offered more benefits and facilities and the best quality of products to justify their higher prices (Kotler et al, 2006). 3.3 Distribution and Service: Starbucks has a good distribution channels initially it was selling coffee beans and doing wholesale business for local restaurants. In terms of service and location Starbucks opened the stores in a such a way that it can reach to targeted customers and it has also gave more stress on giving the best customer service by spending a lot of money by training its employees (Starbucks case study). 3.4 Promotion: Starbucks initially did not use the advertising tool for promotion but it was the Public relations and the Personal selling tool that helped the Starbucks to achieve its target

A Review On The Tragic Case Of Baby P

A Review On The Tragic Case Of Baby P In this assignment, I will talk about the baby P case. A distressing case of a 17 month old baby that was viciously beaten on many occasions as social workers, doctors and the police stepped back and watched as the young baby who was supposedly a child in protection died in a blood-spattered cot in 2007 spending most of his life being used as a punching bag. (Mail Online: 2008) I will also discuss what went wrong the failures that let this case down and some recommendations for what have been changed since to prevent this situation from happening again. Peter Connolly was born on the 1st of March 2006; he was a happy healthy baby boy. He attended regular check -ups in the hospital, showing no signs of major concerns. It was only 6 months after, on the 19th of September issues arose on baby Ps health when his mother brought the child to see the GP confirming that the child bruised easily and she was worried that claims would be made accusing her. The child was later brought back to hospital for check-ups presenting more and more bruising as the visits went on. In December 2006, doctors described these injuries as non accidental and grew increasing alarmed of the welfare of the child. (Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) At this point baby Ps mother was arrested on suspicion of assault and baby P was handed over to social services in care of Haringeys child protection register. (Mail Online: 2008) It was reported that baby Ps mother took part in a parenting centre. (Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) 26th January 2007: the child was handed back to his mother, after the case proved inconclusive in court, against police advice. (Mail Online: 2008) During a visit in March, Maria Ward, Case worker, became aware of a mark on Baby Ps face claiming that he bruised easily from a fall. The doctors verified this claim, ruling out the theory, unfortunately, this information was accessed by police and social workers after the childs death. 9th April 2007: Baby P was admitted to AE with injuries sustained to the head. He was later emitted from hospital without any discharge meeting and hands back to his mother without any worries by case workers. (Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) After missing appointments with health visitor, Paulette Thomas, Baby Ps mother was sent an appointment by child protection for a check up. During this check-up bruises were found on the child and his mother was arrested for the second time on suspicion of assault. Baby Ps mother was later released from Primary Mental Health Service and again was handed her baby boy. Cross agency meeting were called but the Haringeys lawyers insisted there was a lack of information for care proceedings to take place. (Mail Online: 2008) It was heard in court that on his final days, Baby P was smeared in chocolate and nappy cream to hide bruises or injuries from Maria Ward on her visit later on that day. It also heard that before baby Ps death he was scheduled to be assessed by Sabah-Al-Zayyat, a paediatrician. (Mail Online: 2008) Despite Baby Ps repeated cries of pain, the consultant missed both his broken back and ribs (Times online: 2008) She claimed she was unable to assess the child because he was miserable and cranky. (A short life of misery and pain: 2008) The trail heard that Baby P spent his last weekend with his natural father, where he noticed that the childs head had been shaved and that he was missing a finger nail. They also heard that on his final night Baby P received a harmful whack, knocking out a tooth, which was later found in his stomach. After all his suffering, He was found dead in his blood-spattered cot the next morning and police summoned to the Middlesex Hospital were struck by his mothers lack of emotion Even after her childs death she was more worried about finding her cigarettes before she left the house. She and her lover (who claimed to be toughing up the child for when he was older) were arrested without any delay. (Mail Online: 2008) What went wrong? Throughout this case there are many key aspects missing. A big aspect of the failure in this case was the lack of communication and of the team work and collaboration. A team of individuals, with vary backgrounds, perspectives, skills and training, who work together towards the common goal of delivering a health or social care service. (Dalikeni C: 2010) There was very little team work and sharing information between the services in this case. Services included in this case were the police, social workers, case workers and doctors. Information collected throughout this case by the individual services was kept to themselves and advice given by the various services was ignored. E.g. 19th September when Baby P first starting showing signs of bruising and his mother claimed that the child bruised easily, no further investigation into the concerns of the child were taken. This shows a lack of interest on behalf of the doctors involved in this case. Again in December when doctors proved that the childs bruising was non accidental and his mother was arrested, he was later handed back to her by social services in Haringeys child protection against the advice of the police. This was another failure through lack of communication between police and social services. No further check-ups or visits took place. (Baby P and the Care Quality Commissi on Report: 2009) In March, when Miss Ward became aware of marks during her visit she dismissed them as a fall, this information was ruled out and the report reached the police and social services after his death, this was 5 months after the claim had been reported. This proved that Miss Ward under analysed this case. This again was another communication failure between the services, this was through there inappropriate systems for communication or where staff did not adhere to processes for their particular organisations (Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) It was reported that when Baby P had been admitted to AE he was handed back to his mother without any discharge meeting taken place. This shows again the lack of awareness shown by professionals and also the lack of communication between the professionals themselves in the same services. In this case guidance was ignored when it was clear that the child had been sent to hospital by child protection due to concerns of the childs welfare, no meeting or discussion was taken place prior the childs discharge. In these cases a formal strategy should have taken place in the interest of the child. (Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) Team work is set in place for many different reasons e.g. joint responsibility, constant interaction with peers, support, different roles and relationships with service users and because most of the work in the fields of the health department, social work, police etc is more appropriate done as part of a team. This can only ever be effective if there is open communication, clarity in task, interagency collaboration etc, yet through this case many of these key points are missing. (C. Dalikeni: 2010) After the tragic death of Victoria Climbe in 2000, Haringey social services were critized over their failures to save her from child abuse, 7 years later they yet again were in the spot light for failing another child. (A short life of pain and misery: 2008) Although he was put in child protection Baby P died 8 months after. Even after his mother was arrested twice the social services still handed him back to his mother without any worries of his welfare or any acknowledgement of advice suggested by police.( Mail Online: 2008) The ladder of collaboration was taken into consideration when it came to agencies in this case. Step 7: Different agencies are invited to each others meetings this would have helped all agencies stick together with the same information and no boundaries would be broken and everyone would be clear on their position and what they were assigned to do. (The Reality of Collaborative working: Pg 247) A lack of details on the background of the case was taken, this caused a set back on the information getting appropriately to the different agencies. Child protection conferences are an idol way of professionals in this case of getting and sharing useful information for what was in the best interest of the child. It was evident that this was not the case in this situation, this is all shown through the lack of information on the case and it is also apparent that these professionals often didnt even show up at these meetings.(Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) Another issue that caused failures in this case was that a full background history of the child was not in the hospital on any occasion he was taken into hospital for his check-ups. (Baby P and the Care Quality Commission Report: 2009) Stage 2: Ladder of collaboration would have been useful here , while the child was being checked, another doctor or member of the child protection services could have taken an account of the childs injuries or any concerns (The Reality of collaborative working: Pg 247) This would show an indication of interagency collaboration through the reduction of overlapping on information already taken, Providing a share in the responsibilities and reduction of stress of members of the individual agencies. (Macklin 1991, Harris et al 1995) Haringeys decision to return baby P to his mother effectively handed the child a death sentence according to Mor Dioum of the Victoria Climbe Foundation (Mail Online: 2008) Recommendations When Miss Ward was o her home visit and seen that Baby P was covered in chocolate and nappy cream, instead of dismissing this, she should have asked for the child to be cleaned up properly before checking him. This would have helped her notice any marks or injuries the child may have had and were being hidden from her from the abuser.(Baby P Better Protection for vulnerable children Practical Recommendations: 2008) A big part of the failures in this case was the handing back of Baby P to his mother against any advice from the police. Social workers should have taken into consideration the advice and should not have been over ruled. After signs of abuse the child should be taken from the family and put into care to avoid any other risks to his/her health and welfare.(Baby P Better Protection for Vulnerable children Practical Recommendations: 2008) Unannounced/Surprise visits should be put in place. These check-ups would be idol for abusers that try hiding any signs of danger or injury on a child. This gives the social worker a better idea of the background of what the child is really going through. This also stops any time for explanations/excuses that the abusers would have to make up to cover themselves for any injuries the child may have.(Baby P Better Protection for vulnerable children Practical Recommendations: 2008) In this case social workers were more worried about keeping this family together instead of the welfare of the child. This should not be first priority, in the interest of the child is taken into consideration the child should be removed from the family if any risks should become a concern. Removing the child from the family in any abuse case is an idol way for the child to be safe and avoid any other injuries or health problems for the child. (Baby P Better Protection for vulnerable children Practical Recommendations: 2008) These are only some of many recommendations that should be available to the social services, medical professionals and also the police. This would help insure that children all around the world are safe and free from child abuse. Conclusion On conclusion to my easy, we have seen many tragic occasions of child abuse and how without any proper care this child was taken from the world earlier than he should have been. Hopefully now the social services, police and doctors can introduce more strict regulations to prevent any more situations more/less horrific as this one.

Need Importance Of Organization Commerce Essay

Need Importance Of Organization Commerce Essay Organization is the foundation upon which the whole structure of management is erected.Organization is associated with developing an outline where the overall work is divided into manageable components in order to facilitate the achievement of objectives or goals. Thus, organization is the structure or mechanism that enables living things to work together. In a static sense, an organization is a structure or machinery manned by group of individuals who are working together towards a common goal. Examples of organization: Corporations, governments, non-government organizations, armed forces, non-profit organizations etc. The term organization has been used in four different senses; Organization as Framework of Relationships:Organization refers to the structure and interactions among various job positions which are created to realize certain objectives. Organization as a process: Organization is viewed as a dynamic process and a managerial activity which is vital for planning the utilization of companys resources. Organization as a System:Organization is also viewed as a system. System concepts recognize that organizations are made up of components, each of which has exclusive properties, abilities and reciprocated associations. The constituent elements of a system are linked together in such complex ways that actions taken by one individual have far reaching effects on others. Organization as a Group of Persons:Organization is very often viewed as a group of persons contributing their efforts towards certain goals. Definitions: Organizations may be defined as a group of individuals large or small thatare cooperating under the direction of executive leadership in accomplishment of certain common object. -Keith Davis Organization is a system of cooperative activities of two or more persons. -Chester Barnard Organization is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose. -Mooney and Reily Organization is a harmonious adjustment of specialized parts for the accomplishment of some common purpose or purposes. Haney In its broadest sense, organization refers to the relationship between the various factors present in the given endeavor. Factory organization concerns itself primarily with the internal relationships within the factory such as responsibilities of personnel arrangement and grouping of machines and material control. From the standpoint of enterprise as a whole, organization is the structural relationship between various factors in an enterprise.- Spriegel 1.1 Need / Importance of Organization A renowned industrialist of U.S.A Andrew Carnegie when sold his company United States Steel Corporation , showed his confidence in organization by saying Take away our factories, take away our plants, our avenues of transportation, our money, leave nothing but our organization and we shall establish better factories.Since ages and all walks of life, organization has been playing a significant role. The importance of organization is as stated below. A tool for achieving objectives:Organization is an important tool in the hands of management for accomplishing the objectives of an enterprise. It facilitates administration and management: A sound organization increases efficiency, avoids duplication of work, avoids delay in work, improves managerial skills and motivates employees to perform their duties. It ensures optimum use of human resource: Good organization establishes individuals with interests, knowledge, skills, abilities and viewpoints. It enhances creativity: A well-conceived and comprehensive organization is the source of creative thinking and initiation of new ideas. Prevents Corruption: Enterprises which lack sound organization most of the times have problem of corruption. Sound organization helps to prevent corruption by raising morale of the employees. As a result of which employees are encouraged to work with higher efficiency, commitment and honesty. Fosters growth of enterprise: Good organization plays a key role not only in growth but also in the expansion and diversification of an enterprise. Eliminates overlapping and duplication of efforts: In a situation, where the distribution of work is not clearly identified and the work is performed in a haphazard manner there will be duplication and overlapping of efforts. As a good organization requires that the work be clearly assigned amongst employees, such overlapping and duplication is to be eliminated. Coordination: Various jobs and positions are linked together by structural relationship of the organization. The organizational process exercises its due and balanced emphasis on the coordination of different activities. 1.2 Principles of Organizing For timely and systematic completion of work it is must for every organization to adopt some techniques or principles. Thus these principles would be the deciding factor for the success or failure of an organization. Principle of Objective:All the enterprises whether large or small, set certain central objectives. Every element of the organization and organization as whole should be geared to the central objectives identified by the enterprise. Principle of Specialization: Precise division of work facilitates specialization. According to this principle, division of work among the employees should be based on their knowledge, skills, abilities, capabilities and interests. This would lead to specialization which would in turn lead to efficiency, quality and elimination of wastage of resources. The Scalar Principle: This principle is sometimes referred to as the chain command. There must be clear lines of authority running from the top to bottom of the organization and linking all the individuals in the organization. The Principle of Authority: Authority is an important ingredient of the organization structure. It is the tool by which the manager can create an environment where an individual can perform with greater efficiency. The Principle of Span of Control: This principle states that there is a limit to the number of subordinates that report to one superior. Supervision of too many people can lead to trouble and confusion. Also the superior will not be able to spare time to supervise each of his subordinate. It will also lead to increased complexity of the organization structure. The span of control depends upon a number of considerations. It is easy to supervise a large number of subordinates involved in routine jobs and working in the same room, whereas it is difficult to supervise highly diverse and specialized personnel scattered widely. The ability of the employee, their willingness to assume responsibility and the attitude of management towards delegating and decentralization should also be analyzed in detail while making a decision on span of control. The Principle of Unity of Command: This principle is basically about avoiding dual reporting. It states that every individual employee working in the organization should be kept in the supervision of one boss only. This principle eliminates the possibility of conflicts in instructions and fosters a feeling of personal responsibility for work. The Principle of Definition: Each individual in the organization should be made aware about his / her responsibilities, duties, authorities and relations with the other job positions in the organization structure. Principle of Unity of Direction: The basic motive for the existence of organization is the attainment of certain objectives. Major objectives should be split into functional activities and there should be one objective and one plan for each group of people. The Principle of parity of Authority and Responsibility: The responsibility for execution of work must be accompanied by the authority to control and direct the means of doing the work. The Principle of Supremacy of Organizational Objectives: The organizational goals and objectives should be given wide publicity within the organization. The people contributing to it should be made to understand that enterprise objectives are more valuable and significant and one should give higher priority to organizations objectives in comparison to personal motives. 1.3 The Process of Organizing 6 7 5 4 3 2 1 Fig. 4.1 Steps in Organizing From the Fig. 1.1 it is clear that organizing is a process involving multiple activities. The details of all these activities are as follows: Fixing the objectives of the organization: The top level management holds the responsibility of fixing the overall objectives of the organization whereas the middle level management fixes the departmental objectives and lower level management fixes the day-to-day objectives. The objectives decided by each of the level of management should be both specific as well as realistic. Finding activities must for achieving objectives: Once the objectives are fixed, the strategic level of management determines different activities that are required to be performed in order to accomplish the set objectives. This is a crucial stage as it helps to eliminate duplication, overlapping and wastage of efforts. Grouping the similar activities: All the activities which are similar in nature are grouped together to form departments. This is also termed as departmentalization. This leads to specialization. Ex: All the activities that are directly or indirectly related to management or development of the human resource like training, performance appraisal, recruitment are grouped together to form the Human Resource Department. Defining responsibilities of each employee: At this step the responsibilities of all the individuals working in the organization are clearly defined. This would ultimately lead to selection of right candidate for the right job. This brings about efficiency since each individual is aware about what he/ she has to do. Delegating authority to employees: In a situation where two or more individuals are working together for a common purpose it becomes necessary to clearly define the authority relationship among them. Each subordinate should know whom he has to report. Also each superior should be aware of the authority he has over his subordinates. Providing employees with required resources: After defining authority relationships, the employees must be provided with all the resources that are required for achieving the objectives of the organization. Coordinating efforts of all to achieve goals: This is the last and most important step in the process of organizing. Here the efforts of all individual employees, groups and departments are fetched together and coordinated towards the mutual objective of the organization. Ex: Let us consider a simple example where a company has decided to have one day picnic for its employees. Here it is clear that the objective is arranging picnic. The HR department would then list all the activities to be carried out for the successful execution of picnic. These activities would then be grouped based on the similarity, for instance arranging for breakfast, lunch and dinner on the day of picnic. Each of the members of this committee would in turn be assigned a particular responsibility like selecting the menu and so on. Each of the members will also be given authority with the assigned responsibility for efficient execution. Each of the committee formed, like the refreshment committee will then be allocated a budget to enable them to carry out the assigned duties. And most importantly efforts of all the committees or individuals must be coordinated to meet the central objective that is successful arrangement of picnic. 1.4 Organization Structure An organization structure specifies the various job positions and depicts how the same are formally divided, grouped and coordinated. It provides an appropriate framework for authority relationships. It is a means to help the management to achieve the organizational objectives. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will define the ways in which it functions and executes. Organization structure allows the expressed allocation of duties for different functions and processes to different entities such as branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organization structure affects organizational action in two major ways. Firstly, it provides a basis on which the standard operating procedures and routines rest. Secondly, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision making process and thus to what degree their views shape the organizations actions. There are several reasons why designing an organizational structure is such an important aspect. Organization structure has a crucial impact on the organizations ability to Deal with contingencies Achieve a competitive advantage Effectively manage diversity Increase its efficiency and ability to innovate new goods and services 1.4.1 FormalOrganization The formal organization refers to the structure that is designed and prescribed by the management of the enterprise. It is defined as a hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve a common goal.A formal organization has its own set of rules and regulations that are to be followed by each individual in the organization. It depicts clear lines of authority and the superior-subordinate relationship also each of the individual is assigned specific duties and responsibilities. In a formal structure there are predefined objectives and the individual efforts are diverted towards achieving these objectives. According to Barnard, Any organization shall be considered formal at the stage when the activities of two or more persons are coordinated consciously to achieve the definite objective. Ex: College, Hospital, Company etc. Features of Formal Organization Authorities and responsibilities are clearly defined. It does not consider the emotional aspect. It is predetermined and purposefully created. Based on delegation of Authority. It provides for division of labor. Organizational charts are followed. Advantages It promotes discipline in the organization. It provides a basic structure of division of work and responsibility. Without such a structure it becomes very difficult for employees to agree between themselves on the duties and responsibilities of every individual. It gives a clear cut idea about the authority and responsibility of the individuals. Thus formal structure reduces confusions and brings clarity in working. The dependency is not on a single person. Decreases the possibilities and occasions of conflict. The formal organization helps to keep the firm operating despite of the changes in the work force. Eliminates duplication of work which in turn leads to effective utilization of resources. Disadvantages: At times the formal organization causes reduction in initiatives of the person working in the organization. It does not consider the emotions aspect. It may cause delay in work. 1.4.2 Informal Structures This is a shadow organization made up of the informal, but often critical, relationships between members of the organization. The informal structure has its presence in all the formal structures. Informal structure depicts the way in which individuals communicate and relate themselves with others beyond the formal structure. The informal structure develops through various frequent instances like having regular interaction, lunch, coffee with colleagues. According to J.L Massie, Informal organization is any human group interactions that occur spontaneously and naturally over long period of time. Features of Informal Organization The informal organizations are not depicted in the organizational chart. The informal organizations do not have any particular structure. It denotes human relationships beyond the formal organizational structure. Informal organizations are outcome of voluntary associations. The informal organizations develop out of personal preferences, beliefs, habits and understanding. Advantages: It is effective channel of communication in certain cases. It develops a sense of belongingness among the individuals. The gaps and deficiencies that exist in the formal organizations can be filled up by the informal organization. The members of informal organizations help each other in case of unforeseen events or emergencies. Informal group forces the manager to plan and act more carefully than he would otherwise. Informal organization is a check and balance on unlimited use of authority by a manager. Disadvantages: It operates based on the group psychology. The interests of the formal and informal groups may clash, leading to conflict making the job of managers difficult. The informal organizations may fall prey to rumors. It may cause problems by resisting changing at certain occasions. Fig. 4.2 Formal and Informal Organization Difference between formal and Informal Organization: Sr. No. Basis Formal Organization Informal Organization 1 Structure Predefined Undefined 2 Relations Formal Relations Personal Relations 3 Purpose To achieve organizational objective For social satisfaction 4 Dynamism Rigid Flexible 5 Leader Manager Voluntarily chosen 6 Communication Slow Fast 7 Nature Official Sentimental 8 Example Departments in the organization Group of trekkers 1.5 Types of Organization Structures Functional Structure The concept of functional organization was proposed by F.W. Taylor. In functional structures, individuals having identical skills and performing similar tasks are grouped together into formal work units, generally called departments. Members of functional departments share technical know-how, interests and responsibilities. Employees within the functional division of an organization tend to perform in areas of their expertise. The functional structure may differ according to the major functions of a business. Fig. 4.3.1 Functional Structure for Business Entity Fig. 4.3.2 Functional Structure for a Hotel Fig. 4.3.3 Functional Structure for a College Advantages: Specialization: The organizational efficiency increases as each of the employee performs the task as per his specialization. Reduced Workload: As each of the functional head is responsible for only one function work load is reduced. Flexibility: It is easier to accommodate a change with little or no difficulty. Improved Control: As each employee is in charge of one function only, it is easier to spare time to supervise all his / her subordinates. Mass Production: Due to specialization and standardization it becomes feasible to go for large scale production. Disadvantages Complex Relationships: An individual has several superiors due to which accountability for results cannot be easily fixed. Also cross functional relationships create confusion. Inefficient Administration: As same groups are controlled by various specialists, there is inefficient administration. Expensive: As large number of specialist need to be hired it adds to increase in cost. Ineffective Coordination: Each of the functional managers is bound to think only from the perspective of his / her department rather than the whole organization. Delay in decision making: Several functional specialists are involved in the process of decision making as a result of which decisions may be delayed. Divisional Structure In the divisional structure the organization is organized into various divisions based on four criteria product, market, process and location. Thus divisional structure is most suited for the organizations having a wide range of products, area of operation, work processes or customers. Each of the division has its own set of functional units like marketing, manufacturing, finance, HR etc. and is self-contained. Type Emphasis Example Product Goods Provided / Services Catered Market Target Customers / Clients Location Location at which activities are carried out Process Activities of same process Fig. 4.4 Divisional Structure based on product, market, location and process Advantages: Highly Flexible: Divisional structure can respond more quickly to the changing environment. Specific: Expertise focused on specific product, market, process or location. Coordination: The divisional structure leads to better coordination across functional departments. Clear Accountability: Divisional structuring provides clear correlation between the expense and profit of the individual divisions. The business objectives of the divisions can be formulated more objectively and the expectations can be better agreed. Ease of operation: Greater ease to modify the size by adding or deleting divisions. Disadvantages: Reduced economies of scale: Duplication of efforts across divisions leads to increase in the operating and administrative cost. Rivalry: Divisional structures may also result into rivalry as the divisions compete for resources. Divisional Affiliations: The employees feel more affiliated towards their own divisions and would still lack affiliation to the organization as whole. Supremacy of divisional goals: The divisional goals may have priority over the organizational goals. Matrix Structure: The matrix structure comes into existence when one organization structure is superimposed by the other. In this structure an employee is answerable to two immediate supervisors: a functional supervisor and a divisional supervisor. The functional supervisor is charged with overseeing employees in a functional area such as marketing or engineering. Divisional supervisors manage specific projects. They absorb employees from various functional areas to complete their project teams. The diagram below depicts the absorption of employees from Operations, Finance, and Marketing for project A and B. These employees report to both Managers at that point of time. President Manager -Finance Manager Marketing Manager Operations Manager Projects Project A Project B Fig. 4.5 Matrix Organization Structure Advantages: Flexibility: Increased flexibility in adding, removing or changing the activities to meet the changing needs. Motivation: If it is identified that a particular project is lacking proper motivation then it is provided to the concerned department. Development of skills: Since cross functional teams are formed, it leads to development of skills of the employees. Better Service: There is always a product or project manager answerable to the queries. Improved Strategic Management: Top level managers are freed from routine tasks to focus on strategic issues. Disadvantages: Power Struggle: Conflicts occur as there is overlapping of responsibility and authority. Slow decisions: The speed of decision making retards as there is shared decision making in the matrix structure. Increased Confusion: As there is dual reporting in matrix structure, it causes confusion. Increased Administrative and Managerial Overhead: Due to the duplication of routine activities the administrative cost increases and as specialized managers are hired for each of the projects and functions the managerial cost also increases. Professional Developed sidelined: Professional development is not given a priority due to time constraints of the project, so team members forgo opportunities to develop and improve. Network Structure: A network structure is a cluster of various organizations that coordinates its actions through agreements and contracts instead of hierarchy of authority. Rather than hiring individuals to perform all of its business activities, a company using the network structure depends on outside companies. The organizations using a network structure own only the core or essential components of the business and outsource the rest. It may, for instance, hire an outside advertiser to advertise its products. The network structure reduces costs and brings in flexibility because it utilizes external help as and when required. Creating a network-based company, however, means losing control over whatever processes the company has outsourced. Manufacturing Financial Consultancy Information Technology Core Group Advertising Agency Training Consultancy Fig. 1.6 Network Organizational Structure Advantages: Flexible: The most important advantage of network structure is that, it can quickly respond to the changing environment. As the business grows, organizations can enter into new partnerships and vice-a-versa. Cost Effective: As only the essential part of business is owned by the company and the other operations are outsourced, less number of individuals need to be hired leading to reduction in overheads. Efficiency: The overall efficiency of the organization increases as the tasks are outsourced to expert organization. Disadvantages: Coordination Problems: As the business functions are outsourced to different companies sometimes it would become difficult to coordinate all of these activities. Loss of control: There is always a fear of losing control over the core activities which would lead to uncertainties in the relationship. Political Pressure: The change in political scenario affects the organizations bearing network structure to a large extent. Increased Pressure: If there are problems of unemployment in the parent company due to outsourcing there are likely to be pressures on government to effect policy changes in this respect. Line and Staff Organization: The oldest and simplest form of organization is line organization. Line functions are those which have direct responsibility of achieving the objective of the venture. In this form of organization, a supervisor exercises direct control over a subordinate, authority flows from top to bottom of the organization. Here the chief executive heads the organization. This type of organization is also called as scalar organization. The concept of staff organization was developed by F.W Taylor. The objective of functional organization is to offer specialist services in the organization. Under this plan, specific functions common to all the departments are placed in the hands of an expert of that function. The line-and-staff organization combines the line organization with staff departments that support and direct line departments. Most medium and large-sized firms exhibit line-and-staff organizational structures. The distinguishing characteristic between simple line organizations and line-and-staff organizations is the multiple layers of management within line-and-staff organizations.   Company Secretary CEO Manager Marketing Manager -Finance Manager Operations Line Authority Staff Authority Fig. 1.7 Line and Staff Organization Advantages: Top managers relieved from routine work: In this organization line authorities focus on execution of work and are relieved from thinking function. Expert Advice: Line authorities are not autocrats as they are to take the advice from the experts or staff position. Efficiency: This results greater efficiency as the line managers spend much of their time on line functions. The line managers function more efficiently as they get support from staff positions. Easy Coordination: Thisorganization ensures co-ordination automatically as the line managers work along with staff officers. Disadvantages: Confusion: Line and staff organization are ambiguous in terms of organizational relationships, responsibility and authority. Conflict: Conflicts are common in line and staff organizations owing to unclear definition of authority the structure entails. Ineffective and erroneous Decision Making: It is not uncommon for line managers to feel threatened by the advice of staff members. In this case, line managers are liable to make decisions without staff member consultation. Such decisions are not always successful. Slower decision making: Decision making is slower in a line and staff organization due to its complexity and layers.   Costly: Most of the line and staff executives are experts in their fields and their appointment leads to heavy expenditure. Virtual Organizations The virtual organization is a network of independent enterprises, suppliers, customers linked by Information Technology. The virtual organization networks are usually temporary in nature. The significant attributes of virtual organizations are as mentioned below: Technology: The geographically dispersed partners connect to each other via electronic networks. Flexibility: It offers flexibility as the partners can link up as and when required. The structure evaporates as soon as the requirement is over. Efficiency: As each partner brings in his core proficiency the overall efficiency of the organization is bound to increase. Borderless: The boundaries that traditionally separate a firm from its customers, competitors and suppliers are eliminated. Advantages Boundary less: They are appropriate for affinity groups that are geographically dispersed. Suitable for short term initiatives: They are suitable and tailored for short-term initiatives with clearly defined objectives. Flexible: Virtual organizations are highly responsive to changing environment. Cost effective: As there is no physical existence there is little or no organizational overhead. Disadvantages Dependency on Technology: As the virtual organizations depend on Information Technology for coordination and interaction their efficiency may be affected by the limitations and problems inherent to these technologies. Difficult to manage: Since there is no physical existence, i

Philosophical Anthropology, Human Nature and the Digital Culture :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Philosophical Anthropology, Human Nature and the Digital Culture ABSTRACT: Within contemporary Western philosophy, the issues of human nature and our place in the cosmos have largely been ignored. In the resulting vacuum, the various subcultures that have grown up around the digital computer (the so-called "digital culture") have been actively defining and shaping popular conceptions of what it means to be human and the place of humanity in the digital era. Here one finds an implicit view of human nature that includes recurrent themes such as: an emphasis on mind as information independent of the physical body, the obsolescence of the human body, the elimination of human particularity, the malleability of human nature, and the logic and orderliness of the computer as a metaphor for the cosmos. This view of human nature shares important characteristics with Cartesian and Christian views of human nature long rejected by philosophers. A renewal of the philosophical anthropology movement — devoted to the issues of human nature and humanity's pl ace in the cosmos — permits us to see the inadequacy of the conception of human nature implicit in the digital culture. What am I that I am a human being? What is my place in the nature of things? At the close of the twentieth century, facing the dawn of a new millennium, the goal of paidea or philosophy educating humanity might best be achieved by philosophy recovering and reaffirming its interest in these two anthropological questions. In this essay I defend this claim through an analysis of the view of human nature implicit in the digital culture. For the past several decades, while philosophers have largely ignored anthropological issues, the sub-cultures swirling around computers and other digital technologies have been busy shaping and defining the way in which human nature will be conceived in the next millennium. More often than not, however, these views of human nature are produced in a philosophical and critical vacuum with little thought given to what we as human beings are and what we might become. Philosophers must address this vacuum by renewing their responsibility to speak to these iss ues, once again taking up the work of articulating a philosophical anthropology and providing the guidance on these issues that they once did. Reflection on our nature as human beings and our place in the cosmos has a long tradition in philosophy throughout the world and has surely been a central concern in the history of Western philosophy.

Cosmogony :: essays research papers fc

Cosmogony Works Cited Brandon, S.G.F. Dictionary of Comparative Religion. New York: Charles Scribner’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sons, 1970. â€Å"Cosmogony.† World Book Encyclopedia. 1990 ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different religions view the idea of how the world was created, or cosmogony, in different ways. China holds many cosmogonies, but they all revolve around the same ideas. Egypt’s cosmogony was motivated by the desire that their God created all other gods. The views of people define the cosmogony in Greece, mostly of Homer. Cosmogony in the Hebrew religion is defined in the first two chapters of Genesis(Brandon 208). Japanese cosmogonic mythology has its beginnings of myths that one can trace way back. Some views of the different religions remain the same, but most views differ from each other.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chinese philosophical interest was centered on human affairs. Egypt was motivated to show that divine fiat conceives cosmic creation (Brandon 208). The Greek philosophy concerned itself with considering origin and constitution of the universe. Some cosmological ideas in the Hebrew religion represent the creation of the universe by divine fiat (Brandon 208). Divine fiat is defined when God said ‘Let there be light’; and there was light (qtd. in â€Å"Cosmogony†). Pentateuch and Yahwist deal with the creation and the fall of Adam. Shinto produced another cosmogony that presents a division in the universe. The upper world consisted of gods and everlasting bliss. The middle world included man on the surface of the earth. The lower world of darkness, known as Yomi, which possesses evil spirits that live under rule of earth-mother (Brandon 210).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Huai-Nantzu, in China, the universe of space and time arose before Heaven and Earth took shape. The earliest Egyptian cosmogony presented Atum as the creator and Heliopolis as the place. The Greeks believed Hesiod also explains evolution of mankind as a series of Five Ages. Yahwist, in the Hebrew religion accounts on the creation of the world by an editor who fused Pentateuch and Yahwist into continuous writings of divine creation. The Japanese believed the world of forms to be formed from emanations proceeding from the Dhyani-Buddha (â€Å"Cosmogony†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Han Dynasty founded the first fully developed cosmogonies for China. This naturalistic cosmogony taught that the origin of the all things lay in the Great Ultimate. The Great Ultimate produced two forces of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang combined to form four emblems, which then produced the Eight Trigrams. The Eight Tigrams resulted in all the phenomena of the world (Brandon 207).

Ways of Computing the Value of Alternative Projects Essay -- Finance F

Ways of Computing the Value of Alternative Projects When deciding whether to invest in a project an investor first will compare investment or sunk costs to the expected profit and based on this decision will decide what to do. Depending on the specifics of the project calculating of sunk cost and expected profit might be rather different and will play the main role in the decision to invest, wait and invest later or not to invest at all. More detailed consideration of the standard NPV rule: to invest if present value of cash flow is greater than sunk cost will show that some projects cannot be simply estimated using this idea. For the irreversible projects such as building a factory or buying an option NPV method may not be proper because it does not take into consideration the opportunity cost of waiting for new information, and, then investing. In other words, if investor knows that the price of the product producing on the factory will go down or the product will not be sold at all, because of some new competitive product, he will most likely choose not to build it at all. Now, different investment opportunities may be taken into consideration, for example, building the factory in steps or start using the factory for a different use. Let us calculate a value of the project using regular NPV rule and NPV rule that takes into consideration time effect or this opportunity to wait and invest later. These calculation have been done by many researchers, but Pindick and Dixit in their book Investment Under Uncertainty propose very easy way to compare different results. We will just use their idea but with a simpler numbers and show how different ways of computing provide different results. On this simple example we can lear... ...umption of presenting net present value as a geometric Brownian motion is the most important one and has been implemented in the financial field for a while. Empirical works by financial institutions have shown that such assumption lets investors obtain reasonable results and plan the investment in advance. This technology has been also used in reducing risk on the portfolios when hedging. The obtained results can be easily implemented in the options pricing theory and were applied by Pindick and Dixit in the works. With all the assumptions the model shows realistic results and have been used by many financial institutions since 1980s. References 1. Investment Under Uncertainity, Avinash Dixit and Robert Pindick, Princeton University Press, 1994 2. Investment timing, Robert McDonald and Daniel Siegel, The Quarterly Journal of economics, v.111, 1986